A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700-2000)
Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
More...
Tóth Ferenc: Egy magyar származású francia diplomata életpályája. François de Tott báró (1733–1793) Budapest, MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet,2015, 313p.
More...
This paper aims to elaborate on and exemplify Ann Radcliffe’s masterful use of the suspension in time and indefinite time frame, as well as the indistinctness and haziness of space surrounding the main protagonists in The Mysteries of Udolpho, her most renowned novel. This obscurity of setting creates the intellectual incertitude in characters, and potentially readers, which further excites their emotions to the highest degree; a state the 18th century philosopher Edmund Burke calls sublime emotion. The obscure and the sublime are the two essential dimensions in fostering terror in Gothic literature of the 18th century, as well as today.
More...
Starting with the Middle Ages institutionalized care for the poor and the appearance of hospitals became a clear sign of urban development. This was the case in medieval and early modern Kolozsvár also. When the city had lost its status as a free royal city in 1665 all the institutions administered by the local counsel underwent a series of changes. These changes did not leave unaffected the hospitals either. By the time Kolozsvár regained her lost privileges in 1712 out of the three medieval hospitals, only one was still operating, the Saint Elisabeth. Right around this time Catholicism started to regain some of its former status in Kolozsvár shattered by the reformation and it became once more the crown’s favored religion. This change in status led to the repossession and reorganization of formerly catholic institutions and properties in the city, chief among them the hospital of Saint Elisabeth.
More...
The portrait painting by F. G. von Kügelgen has been our main visual evidence about the appearance of the famous rector and professor of physics of the University of Tartu. The painting itself became lost at the very beginning of the 20th century and was known mainly after its lithographed reproduction. The original portrait painting was found by a lucky chance in the US A in 2016 and was acquired by the University of Tartu. The article follows and reconstructs a rather intriguing provenance story of this symbolic and significant painting. In addition to the questions how the portrait of the rector was received in the university after its commission at the beginning of the 19th century, a new interpretation of the portrait focusing on the composition and pose of the depicted person will be offered. Opening up the historical and art historical context of the portrait and comparing its different versions should also lead to a better understanding of the role of artworks in academic institutions.
More...
Prikazan je sumarno život a napose mnogostrana djelatnost Karla Gottloba v. Antona /1751 - 1818/, njemačkog domoroca iz Gornje Lužice. Uzrastao medu idejama Herders,— Goethea pa prosvjetiteljstva uopće, zarana se s entuzijazmom obraća proučavanju slavenskih naroda, njihovih jezika i kultura. Za tu je svrhu bio u vezi s vrlo brojnim tadašnjim stručnjacima, historicima, jezikoslovcima a napose poznavačima narodnoga života, kulture i jezika različnih slavenskih naroda. Osobito su ga privlačila pitanja iz slavenske davnine, mitologije, običaja i si. Tako je nastalo najznačajnije Antonovo djelce "Erste Linien eines Versuches über der alten Slawen Ursprung, Sitten, Gebräuche, Meinungen und Kenntnisse” /Prvi obrisi pokušaja oko podrijetla, navada i običaja, mišljenja i znanja starih Slavena - 1-1783, 11-1789/.
More...
Mлади буржуј из Лангреја, Дени Дидро, дошао је у Париз да пронађе своју срећу. Први кораци били су му изузетно тешки. Никако није успевао да пронађе своје место међу париским интелектуалцима. Нико га није схватао озбиљно. Срећа му се осмехнула онога дана када му је Ле Бретон после краткотрајног познанства поверио задатак да са енглеског преведе Чемберсову Енциклопедију. Дидро се херојски прихватио посла. После неколико дана рада синула му је идеја да прошири пројекат и да објави оригинално дело које ће по обиму бити много веће од енглеског дела. У периоду од 1746. и 1773. године рад на Енциклопедији ће заокупити скоро сву његову пажњу.
More...
Georges Frédéric Parrot (1767–1852), the first Rector of the University of Tartu (Dorpat) after it was reopened in 1802, was a son of the French Enlightenment. He considered it his mission to implement these ideas in the context of the new university. One of the foci of his activities was arranging the university according to a new type of statutes endorsing free development of all kinds of branches of science in the framework of the so-called ‘Academic Republic’, which would be no longer dominated by theology. Parrot was successful in his pursuits. The University of Tartu became an outstanding centre of astronomy, mathematics and natural science—the fields Parrot himself was actively involved in. Today, the term Academic Republic is becoming more and more frequently used by the university employees again. The emphasis on the role of natural science, which was one of Parrot’s main ideas, caused the need for a New Enlightenment. This is the term invented by Nicholas Maxwell, the British philosopher of science. Although the focus of Maxwell’s New Enlightenment seems to be much narrower than that of the classical one, the final goal is still the same. According to Maxwell, making physics the science proper, the basis of constructing serious academic knowledge, has caused the concentration of research on the quest for some kind of special knowledge, the scientific one. Everything stops there. We have lost sight of the general goal of serving humanity, looking for solutions to actual grave problems that Homo sapiens is facing today. Obviously, to serve the whole humanity was the basic goal of the “original” Enlightenment as well. We have to restore the view of the so-called philosophes concerning the position of social science in the academia. It is social science (and the humanities) that form the basis for the understanding and solving the problems that are of real importance to human life.
More...
In der Historiographie überwiegt der Standpunkt, dass die “Reform” der Einhebung der Dzizja aus 1691 mehr Klarheit in diesen Bereich gebracht hat, und damit den heutigen Osmanisten die Arbeit erleichtert, vor allem bei dem Versuch, demographische Bewegungen festzustellen. Nun scheint aber die Lage keineswegs einfach zu sein. Konkrete Umstände entsprachen meist nicht den allgemeinen Grundsätzen, die man von oben verordnen wollte. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung suggerieren, dass es eine Reihe von Phänomenen gegeben hat, die eine Veränderung der bisherigen, hauptsächlich mechanischen Perspektive nahelegen. So scheint das Prinzip, nach dem jeder geschlechtlich reife Nichtmoslem Dzizja zu zahlen hatte, keine praktische Anwendung gefunden hat, so dass sich in der Praxis die Familie als grundlegende fiksalische Einheit nach wie vor erhalten hat. Weiterhin haben die Gläubiger vor Ort als die Basis für die Erhebung dieser Steuer eine größere Einheit von vier-fünf Steuerpflichtigen angenommen, was andererseits der basalen Einheit des Besitzfonds (diş, bzw. şinik) entspricht. Und schließlich große Unterschiede in der Anzahl der Zahlungsbestätigungen (evrak) asu dem frühen und späten 18. Jahrhundert, was weder durch das gigantische natürliche Bevölkerungswachstum, noch durch Migrationen ausnehmend großer Ausmaße zu erklären wären, vor allem wenn man annimt, dass sich die Steuererhebung von einem Äquivalent für einen kleineren Teil der basalen Einheit des Besitzfonds zum immer größeren bewegt hat.
More...
Bishop of Bosnia or Đakovo and Srijem Antun Mandić, born in Požega, 14 August 1740, died in Đakovo, 11 January 1815, belongs among the more important figures of ecclesial and secular life of the XVIII and XIX century. He performed important functions in both the secular and ecclesial milieu. In the secular, he was a supervisor for Croatian national schools for Croatia and Slavonia and a secret adviser to the imperial court, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was a commissioner for Slavonia. In the ecclesial milieu, he advanced from the rector of the Požega seminary, parish priest, honorary and active canon to the titular bishop of Priština and, finally, to the Bishop of Bosnia or Đakovo and Srijem (14 July 1806). His most important work was the founding of the Theological Seminary in Đakovo (1806). As the bishop of Đakovo he gave Đakovo a new face. He brought with him from Vienna to Đakovo composer Jakob Haibel, Mozart’s brother in law, and appointed him director of the choir. He renovated the bishop’s residence, settled a colony of Germans, founded guilds in Đakovo, set up a doctor and a pharmacist, built a silk factory and later turned it into a brewery, planted vineyards in Drenje and Mandićevac, improved the riverbeds of Jošava and Kaznica and restored water mills. He renovated a fishpond in Štrbinci and a menagerie along Jošava which also included a white deer. His successor, Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer was right when he said, »Mandić was the imaginer of all that is better and more exalted in the diocese.«
More...
Great Britain did not have diplomatic representation in the Papal State, so all business conducted there and relevant news was reported to Whitehall by a Venetian resident. This was Alexander Cunningham, who began this duty in 1715, after the Jacobite rising in Scotland of James Francis Edward (the “Old Pretender,” the son of the deposed James II of England and Ireland, VII of Scotland). Cunningham’s attention during 1718 was focused on surveying the actions of James Edward and the position the Holy See took towards him. Judging by his correspondence, Cunningham he did not perform this task well. An aggravating circumstance was the complicated relations between various states due to the possession of Sicily (by the House of Savoy) and the Kingdom of Naples (by the Austrians), for his seriously challenged balance of power established in Utrecht and Rastatt. Various treaties gave Great Britain a role of guarantor of peace and neutrality in Italy. As a result, Great Britain became involved in events in this part of Europe, especially when Spain entertained the thought of bringing back Sicily under its reign. On the other hand, Cunningham was compelled to watch the position of Venetian authorities regarding the Jacobites, who started to immigrate into the Venetian state. The decision of James Edward to move to Spain, whose support he needed to take power back in Great Britain, relieved both British-Venetian and British-Papal relations of that burden.
More...
This article illustrates the typological variety of Question and response in old Romanian literature. With a view to systematisation, the religious/ secular distinction has been taken into account, and within this, the functionality and end purpose of the texts comprising this literature in Romania. The religious texts have been broken down into two categories: canonic (relating to Christian doctrine, religious controversy, ecclesiastical law, exegesis or moral edification) and apocrypha. The end purpose of the majority of the secular texts is predominantly didactic, which is not to disregard the development of this genre of in relation to the celebrated models of Latin and Byzantine literature.
More...
The Diocesan Archive in Đakovo, among its funds and collections, also possesses the collection of the correspondence of the bishops of the Diocese of Đakovo and Srijem. The correspondence hasn’t been organised up to these days due to the large quantity of the archive material. There is, nevertheless, a list of the collection contents partially made and organised by Matija Pavić. The list being incomplete contributed with time to certain degree of disorder of this complex material. Since some scholars used the mentioned, still unpublished list, as a reference on several occasions, the text to follow provides the authentic copy of the list of correspondence of the bishops of the Diocese of Đakovo and Srijem, written by Matija Pavić.
More...
Matija Antun and Josip Stipan Relković – father and son – one a military frontier officer fighting for the interest of the emperor, the other a priest serving in parishes of Slavonia, have both marked Slavonian literary and cultural history of the second half of the 18th century. Literary chronicles which contain only informative, selective and linear recollection that places chosen literary protagonists into anticipated compartments limited by poetic and ideological factors, stored Matija Antun in their memory as the great one. They only incidentally mention Josip Stipan as his great father’s heir. However, the purpose of this article is not to make an entire literary and historical revalorisation and the reversal of the existing hierarchical relationship between the two prominent members of the Relković family, but to inspire processes of creative reminiscence in order to bring both of them and their literary work back into our creative memory: by materializing ephemeral images of the experienced reality both Satir and Kućnik create room for reminiscence of the old Slavonia.
More...
Introduction. For our ancestors, especially those living from 16th to 18th century, hunting was not only a way to obtain some wild game, but, above all, a favorite entertainment, increasing one`s social position. Moreover, hunting on horseback, using dogs and falcons, was considered not only as a leisure time activity, but as an important physical and psychical strength training of future knights, necessary for defending our country. Aim. Introduction of different forms of utilization of horses, dogs and predatory birds, evolving together with gradually changing functions of physical activities – from life necessities to sports. Methods. An analysis of specialist literature. Results & Conclusions. Nowadays horses and dogs are used mainly for pleasure and sports activities, sometimes also for therapeutic reasons. However, there are some active historical reconstruction groups, successfully attempting to prevent the traditional activities, such as falconry, from extinction.
More...
Die Chronik Mula-Mustafa Bašeskijas (Sarajevo, 1731/1732 - 1809) beginnt im Jahre 1746 und endet 1804/1805. Sie wurde in arabischer Schrift, aber in türkischer Sprache geschrieben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die in der serbokroatischen Sprache geschriebenen Textteile analysiert (einzelne Worter und ganze Satze, die der Chronist nicht übersetzt hat, und fünf Lieder). Es wird auf einige Tatsachen hingewiesen, die für unsere historische Dialektologie und Lexikologie wertvoll sind: die Bezeichnungen für Monate und Pflanzen in der Volkssprache, Bildungsmodelle der Hypokoristika, Bildung der Ethnika, mundartliche Züge der Anthroponyme, mundartliche Ausdrücke in Volksliedern, Lexik aus den Dialekten. Dazu wurden auch einige stilistische Merkmale dieses Werks erwähnt, dass eine der ersten Chroniken hierzulande ist.
More...
Srijemski gradić Petrovaradin je za vrijeme Bečkog oslobodilačkog rata (1683.-1699.) u tri navrata (1687., 1688. i 1691.) oslobađan od turske vlasti. Poslije njegove uspješne obrane od turskog pokušaja da ga ponovno osvoje u jesen 1694. godine, nastanili su se ondje, i to blizu tek izgrađene tvrđe, i franjevci Provincije Bosne Srebrene koje je predvodio fra Simun Dabić.
More...
The decree on the establishment of seminaries issued by the Council of Trent was aimed at the improvement of the formation of the clergy. It was very successful worldwide and resulted in the establishment of numerous seminaries. An attempt to open one in Rome within the Croatian (Illyrian) institutions of St. Jerome for Croats did not succeed before 1790 when Croaticum was founded. This Institute (college) functioned, with many interruptions, in its original structure up to year 1901. In his Apostolic Letter Slavorum Gentem, from August 1901, Pope Leon XIII reformed the Croatian institutions named after St. Jerome. This act of his provided solid foundations for the activities of the Institute of St. Jerome for Croatian people (today Pontifical Croatian Institute of St. Jerome). With certain initial difficulties that accompanied the first three decades of its existence, up to this day 347 priests from all Croatian (arch) dioceses were its residents.
More...
Katekizmi, izdani po nalogu ili pod pokroviteljstvom đakovačkih biskupa, utkani su u posljednjih tristo godina povijesti đakovačke i srijemske biskupije kao dragocjeni i nezaobilazni dio vjerske i kulturne baštine. Temu ovog istraživanja čine odgovori na pitanja: kada i zašto su izdavani katekizmi, kojoj su katekizamskoj tradiciji pripadali i na koji su način utjecali na oblikovanje vjerskog i kulturnog života biskupije?1
More...
Franjevačka provincija Bosna Srebrena prostorno je, nakon pretposljednje podjele 1757. godine, svedena n okvire današnje Bosne i Hercegovine. Iako je kao provincija do te godine imala nekoliko vlastitih filozofsko-teoloških učilišta, nijedno od njih nije bilo na bosanskom području, pa je tom podjelom ostala bez svojih visokih školskih ustanova. Filozofsko-teološki studij bosanski franjevci od tada završavaju u Italiji, a od 1780. i u austrijskim zemljama.
More...