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Starting with the second half of the 18th century, many monks from monasteries of the Neamţ region in Moldavia went to Mount Athos, just as their hegumen, Saint Paisius Velichkovsky, did in mid-18th century. Some of the monks decided to stay at Athos, others did only the pilgrimage, others returned to the monasteries of Neamţ and Secu. Among the latter, some decided to share their pilgrimage experience in writing, such as the scholar hieromonk (ieromonachos) Chiriac of the Secu monastery. In the following pages, we publish integrally his description of the pilgrimage to the Mount Athos monasteries.
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After the Treaty of Belgrade, signed in 1739, the Habsburg foreign politics over the next nearly half a century turned mostly to Western and Central Europe, where in the wars against Prussia they defended the Habsburgs' right of succession to the throne. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church in the Ottoman Bosnia underwent two important processes. The first one was the establishment of the Apostolic Vicariate in Bosnia in 1735, which secured a permanent resident bishop at the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the other one referred to two divisions of the Franciscan province of Bosnia Argentaria which after 1757 reduced its scope to the area under Ottoman rule. Both of these processes confirmed and even further increased the importance of the Bosnian Franciscans as the main leaders of Catholicism in this area.Among many challenges that the Franciscans faced with, one of the most important was the the education of their own clerics. Difficult material circumstances turned Bosnia Argentaria to the help from abroad. Clerics were sent to the Franciscan province in Italy, which was only a partial solution. Joseph II of Habsburg once again turned the direction of foreign expansion to the Ottoman Empire, trying to include the Bosnian Franciscans into his plans. He secured the election of Augustin Botos Okic as the apostolic vicar and gained his support, creating a promising solution to the problem of education of future pastoral workers for the BH territory, the purpose of which was the establishing of financial fund. The original plan was to use its assets to create a secular clergy, independent of Bosnia Argentaria, on whose basis they would begin to build regular church hierarchy. With this intention in the eve of Dubica War (1788 to 1791) eleven Bosnian boys were sent to Zagreb (later joined by one more), among whom was Jure Kordic from Sretnice in the then vast parish of Brotnjo. The war that Joseph II led against the Ottomans did not result in territorial expansion, and the plans about sending secular clergy to Bosnia were not implemented.Consequently, the education of secular clerics turned into a sort of fiasco, because most of them neither became priests nor returned to Bosnia. Their stay in Zagreb was characterized by frequent disciplinary problems and constant dissipation of the group. Kordic was an exception for several reasons. Firstly, he was one of the two clerics who eventually returned to Bosnia where they entered the Franciscan order, and secondly, he was the first among them to complete the entire education. Finally, Kordic was the only one whose flow of education could be, at least to some extent, reconstructed concerning its content and time, especially the last phase when he attended the study of theology.Under missionary name of Peter, this cleric would later achieve a noteworthy career, during which he carried the duty of the provincial minister of Bosnia Argentaria on two occasions. However, in the entire history of the province he deserved his place for being among first Bosnian clerics who received the scholarship by the Habsburg authorities, which was a process that had a tremendous impact on the later history of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the status and importance of the Armenian family of Józefowicz in the 17th century Lviv. The representatives of the family inhabited Lviv from the 40s of the 17th century, and actively participated in important events of the history of the city, vital for the future of the capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, or for the future of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Mikołaj Józefowicz was a popular chemist in Lviv, and he became even more popular during a siege of Lviv by Cossacks and Tatars in 1648. He helped with building the fortification of the city walls. Stanisław Józefowicz, a wealthy Armenian merchant, was helping Stefan Czarniecki, Field Hetman, with wars against the Cossacks for many years. Apart form supporting the Polish army, he was an arts patron. His son Jan Tomasz, a professor of philosophy at Kraków University and a later capitulary in Lviv was the most popular representative of the family of Józefowicz. Being connected with the cathedral chapter in Lviv for his whole life, he moved up in the hierarchy of the Lviv church, and in 1770, at the instructions of the contemporaneous suffragan bishop Jan Skarbek, he nominated the lower clergy and judged clerical arguments. Being a Lviv capitulary, he wrote Kronika miasta Lwowa (The chronicle of the city of Lviv), in which he described the history of the Archbishopric of Lviv and the city of Lviv in the 17th century. Moreover, Jan Tomasz Józefowicz was an author of several panegyrics in Latin, which were about important state events or about saints connected with the city of Lviv.
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Maria Theresa during her reign has implemented many important reforms . Among the other, most important was the introduction of administrative authority, which are not for a enforcement authorities , but they had an advisory role. State institutions have been going through some changes and restructuring , and the performing of their tasks was in the hands of royalty, until Maria Theresa was not implement a administrative changes. Her son Joseph II continued those changes. A major impact on the implementation of reforms in the governing bodies are having two important personalities of that time , the first minister Count Haugvic , who led the internal reform of state government and then Minister of Count Kaunit, in charge of foreign policy. State organizations were able to partially make their own decisions , and did not have to be more referred to the ruling aristocracy. Maria Theresa , along with his son and successor – Joseph II, are one of the best representatives of the Habsburg dynasty . Reforms that she and her son carried out during the eighteenth century , had improved all spheres of life in the Habsburg monarchy . After the death of Maria Theresa her son Joseph II continued with the implementation of reforms. He was specially preoccupied for the realization of a centralized state , until his death in 1790 .
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This paper uses quantitative, analytical, and descriptive methods in order to extract data from the registers of the baptized, married, and deceased in the Roman-Catholic parishes of southern Baranja during the 18th century, identifying some specific elements of social history. The analysis includes those demographic indicators that depended on social structures and customs, such as seasonal and daily arrangements of weddings, the age structure, the marital status of the bridal couple, and their illegal children.The analysis of data from the registers of the Roman-Catholic parishes in southern Baranja during the 18th century has shown that, despite the fact that these documents are standardized and limited in content, they do help us understand certain social elements and aspects of social history and history of everyday life. Since the intention was to gain some fresh insights into the society of southern Baranja, the author has included those demographic data that are under an obvious influence of social and cultural factors, primarily those related to the contraction of marriages and foundations of families, as well as those linked to the origin of residents and certain aspects of public morality and religious life, particularly when referring to specific social groups. In order to establish whether ethnical identity influenced the analysed phenomena, the author has analysed data for the German and Croatian populations alike, separately yet compared whenever possible.In the 18th century, the society of southern Baranja showed some typical pre-transitional traits, among others an early age of marriage contraction, which has been established for both populations alike. Another feature has been the prevalence of conservative marriage policies, which implied going beyond marriages that were the first or second for both parties, as well as a relatively small age difference and a somewhat higher age in men than in women, including the fact that bridegrooms were older than brides as a rule. Nevertheless, these norms could be ignored when required in order to secure sustenance for children or the family in general. The position of women in the society of southern Baranja followed the general pattern of the patriarchal societies, meaning that their role was reduced to reproduction, household care, and family life. As for the social structure, it corresponded to those of late feudalism, where the social elite consisted of a thin layer of noble and district officials, while the society was predominantly agricultural, with a small number of artisans and an even smaller number of merchants. No significant differences could be established between the German and Croatian populations. Nevertheless, there were some, and it can be presumed that they resulted from a difference in family structures and status, since the Germans were generally free colons, while the Croats were tied to the noble estates. Generally speaking, the society in 18th-century Baranja was rural, traditional, and relatively closed, which is confirmed by the negligent number of illegal children and the fact that marriages were contracted primarily within one’s community and ethnical group. Nevertheless, many of these features are also typical of most Croatian or European communities in the 18th century, which means that Baranja generally followed the mainstream Croatian and European demographic trends.
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Analysis is given to theoretical treatises on Gregorian Chant, available from manuscripts and printed sources of the 18th-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Their local peculiarities, the development of theoretical thought and practical application possibilities are discussed. The author indicates that because of some political and social circumstances (the loss of statehood, belonging to the Gniezno Archdiocese, tsarist occupation), the Catholic Church of old Lithuania was secluded, and its relations with the Catholic cultural centres of Western Europe were limited. Mainly for these reasons Gregorian Chant theory suffered a long-term stagnation based on the guidelines of Guido d’Arezzo’s teaching and the hexaccordum scale system. Manuscript Gregorian Chant hymnal books have preserved rather simple two- and three-voiced Latin chants of unknown authorship. They were produced by band-masters, organists and choristers. Their goal was not only to diversify the church music repertoir, but also to enrich it with new sacral music works of their own composition. The author highlights some features of such chants and presents examples of their notes. Such examples of local creativity were followed also by musicians of the early 19th century, who got some musical education and worked at churches.
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The repertoire of vocal-instrumental ensembles in Lithuanian churches was greatly diverse. All facts prove that in the 18th–19th centuries Lithuanian Church was the main center of the activities of local composers and local musical culture. In Lithuanian churches Polish and Lithuanian compositions prevailed. Much of the repertoire performed by musical groups in churches consisted of selections from creative works of choir directors and members. These musical compositions heard in Lithuanian churches have hardly been researched before now. This article examines the creative works of choir directors and members, relying upon archival sources and fragments of surviving musical manuscripts.
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Naselje Novi Grad smješteno je u Bosanskoj Posavini, na desnoj strani rijeke Save, na granici s Republikom Hrvatskom. Novi Grad se graniči sa selima Donji Svilaj, Vrbovac, Posavska Mahala, Lipik, Osječak i Gornja Dubica. Upravno pripada općini Odžak, crkveno Donjem Svilaju i Potočanima, dok dio sela koji se zove Tetima pripada župi Odžak. Prema arheološkim istraživanjima znamo da je Novi Grad bio naseljen u kasno brončano ili željezno doba na lokaciji Vladićka. Fra Anto Zrakić pozivajući se na Arheološku leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine (1988.), osim Vladićke navodi još arheološke lokalitete u Novom Gradu: Gradina, Mađarsko groblje i Mramorje. Povjesničar Ive Mažuran u svojoj knjizi Popis naselja i stanovništva u Slavoniji 1698. godine (1988), kaže da je Novi Grad na desnoj strani Save bio pust. Na to se poziva povjesničar Andrija Zirdum u svojoj knjizi Počeci naselja i stanovništvo brodskog i gradiškog kraja 1698.-1991. (2001). To nam govori, da su stanovnici Novog Grada za vrijeme Velikog (Bečkog) rata (1683-1699) napustili svoja ognjišta i naselili Slavoniju, odnosno Novi Grad.
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Pieter M. Judson: The Habsburg Empire. A New History. The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA – London, 2016. 567 oldal.
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Monastery chronicles from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth provide valuable insight not only into the history of individual orders and the Polish clergy in general, but also into the history of mentality, daily life and religious and ethnic minorities. Although references to Jews are rather sporadic in such chronicles, they are nevertheless quite diverse and concern almost all aspects of Jewish activity in Poland and abroad. Therefore, they can serve as an excellent complement to other sources in the field, including Jewish ones, and those of various secular institutions and offices. It should be noted, however, that the credibility of the information contained in monastery chronicles is always dependent on the distance in time and space between the chronicler and the described events and should—if possible—be verified against other documentary sources from the same period.
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The article is devoted to the actual problem - research ideas about human rights in the history of political and legal thought. The process of forming ideas about human rights through the study of the views of scholars of political and legal thought.
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I wish to briefly present the male Christian names of the serfs of Sáros County. In the present paper the heads of households are listed. During the socage of 1772–74, various lists of names were compiled. These either contained the names in their canonized, Latin versions, or in the original Rusyn forms. I will sum up the names registered in the latter form. In order to provide the possibility for regional and chronological comparisons, I use three concepts: a) name, in its standard form; b) variants of the name; and c) occurrence (specific name, name in the text). The basic form, that is the standard, is always provided in its Latin form. Number of names: 51 Number of occurences: 2,538 Number of variants: 127 The five most common names were: Joannes, Michael, Andreas, Basilies, and Georgius. It is seen in the statistics that in the North-Eastern part of the Hungarian Kingdom the most common name, regardless of ethnic or national identity, was Joannes. This was the case in Sáros County as well.
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The article is dedicated to the activity of military ingeneer Lafitte-Clavé (1750-1793) in the Nothern area attached to the Black Sea coast. Lafitte-Clavé attended the region three times. His first trip from Konstantinopol to Ochakov and back in 1784 had a reconnaissance character. During his second visit in 1786-1787 he supervised the rebuilding of Ochakov fortess. Being in the district for the third time he carried out his project into practice – to build up the fortifications of Izmail. Moreover, Lafitte proposed to the «lurks the projects on the fortification of Khadjibey (now Odessa) and Berezan island, bu.1 the plans hadn’t been put into effect.Thus, two fortresses, which rendered a serious resistance to Russian troops during the War of 1787-1791 – Ochakov (1788) and Izmail (1790) were reconstructed by Turks in accordance with the projects and under the immediate management of Frenchman Lafitte-Clavé.
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The purpose of this article is to publish the results of technical and technological researches (foundations, soils, pigments) of icons of the XVIII century Kiev`s origin.
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The paper presents specific human – environmental relations in the Croatian Dinaric karst, as a unique natural environment characterized primarily by water permeability of the soil, highly localized zones of cultivable soil and under the strong influence of the Mediterranean climate with regular dry periods. These circumstances led to the development of the subsistance economy, which has been largely determined through pastoral history. The paper gives a brief overview of these relations from the Neolithic to the Modern Age, while from the 18th century it further details the process of deforestation and reforestation on the basis of the results of more recent case studies research from different areas of Croatian Dinaric karst – Svilaja mountain, dry lowland of Zagora, Hvar island and the coastal Šibenik area. Long-term overgrazing in the fragile Mediterranean karst environment with the addition of forest clearing for the purpose of timber production and increasing the arable and pasture area caused a significant development of the deforestation process until the 19th century. Depopulation that first began on the islands at the beginning of the 20th century due to the collapse of the island economy based on vine production, and since the middle of the 20th century in the Dalmatian interior mainly due to the intensive littoralization process, resulted in the land abandonment and triggering the reforestation process. The process of reforestation is characterized by the spread of degraded forms of forests, shrubs and maquis as well as by the degradation of the elements of cultural landscapes – drywalls and terraces and the disappearance of vineyards as cultural and traditional values of space.
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The destroyed forests were a general feature of the Dalmatian environment at the turn of the 18th century into 19th century. The main energy generator of the Dalmatian economy was still wood, and forests as the main source of wood raw material has been followed by strong deforestation for centuries. In this context, the issue of degraded forests and the problem of bad economic conditions in Dalmatia will become one of the central themes in the debate on the reform and reviving of Dalmatian economy. The idea of protecting and restoring the forests of Dalmatia as a necessary prerequisite for economic reform was created and promoted within the physiocracy movement in Dalmatia and is considered a very rare idea in the context of considering economic sector reforms and the concepts of an economy based on agriculture and trade. In the circumstances of the neglected and lagging economy in Dalmatia, it can be linked with the echo of positive examples of the agrarian sector in the Apennine Peninsula and the negative consequences that the process of deforestation and hydrogeological disasters have inflicted on agriculture. Together with Bajamonti, Banovec, Stratika, the reforestation of Dalmatia was also promoted by Trogir’s physiocrats Petar Nutrizio Grisogono and Ivan Luka Garagnin. This idea was promoted by Petar Nutrizio Grisogono as a fervent supporter of the systematic reforestation of Dalmatia and strict measures of forest protection. Ivan Luka Garagnin advocated free trade of land, private ownership and the market value of forest resources as the only reliable guarantors of launching positive trends in Dalmatian agriculture and economy. Still, the ethatist logic was inconsistent with any »physiocracy liberalism« and promoted forest restoration in the horizon of the colonial system and ancien régime. In the context of Trogir, the plan for reforestation and protection of forests perfectly fit into the French and Austrian plans for the building of military ports and shipyards in the newly-acquired territories. Although the proposed projects only partially yielded fruit, the abolition of the Grimani law and the adoption of Napoleon’s agricultural law, as well as the 1808 and 1811 Forest decrees, responded to some of the proposals submitted at the legal level.
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Matthias Bel in his work Notitia Hungariae Novae historico-geographica offered a contemporary view of the status, importance, response and concrete realities of counties of Hungary within the Habsburg monarchy. The study is historical and geographical research history and environmental issues of non-ferrous raw materials, and their extraction in the Nitra County in the first half of the 18th century. Description of the subject contains text „Other finds“ in § XII. science section (Membrum primum physicum) of general parts of Notitia of Nitra County in Hungary (1742). The „probe” into Bel’s characteristics of this theme we have realized through critical commentary on contemporary texts supplemented by other sources, respectively literature and information obtained by studying geological maps. Specific findings, we finally compared with the results of field research and their own knowledge of the subject.
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In the years when the Ottoman Empire left behind the rise and followed the developments around it, it is not very bright and the problems are increasing. As in every society, the turmoil caused an increase in the rate of crime in the Ottoman society, and many of the problems encountered in daily life were related to security weaknesses. The bandit publicly started to usurp the money and valuables of the people living in the countryside, and unjustified intervention on the trowel and land had increased. The cases of theft increased in the same way, depending on the conditions of the people began to be indispensable or arbitrary robberies. Even if the stolen state and the animals stolen from valuable goods and goods threatened them with deterrent penalties, the crime rate did not decrease significantly, but the books of grievances were getting worse every day. Criminals, rowing, exile and fine was not enough to intimidate. Nevertheless, the state has always maintained its justice system and has not tolerated the injustice that has tried to implement it in every field. He has always attached great importance to being with the right and compensating the loss of the people who have been wronged. Decisions to repay the stolen goods, to pay the diet in case of any murder, to prevent the intervention in the land and property are proof of this.
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