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Аfter occupying power in 1917, the Council of People’s Commissars has set the task to build a strong army to consolidate the achievements of the October Revolution and overcome their opponents. The article examines the initial phase of compilation of the Red Army and the actions taken to organizing and centralizing. The original image of the Guard is an undisciplined army with poor morale and low military value. The principle of voluntariness in the formation of red lines have a negative effect. The choosing of L. Trotsky for military commissioner changes the situation. By voluntarily composed of red squads, the army of the new government for a year and a half turns into a wellorganized, trained, regulated and politicized huge military machine.
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Wilhelmina Wittigschlager’s novel, Minna: Wife of the Young Rabbi, published in 1905, serves as a case in point for characterizing a young audacious Jewish female protagonist who, against all odds, by breaking societal conventions and exercising a strong will and remarkable determination, attains individual freedom and struggles for political and social justice. This study has yielded some important insights regarding the key role Minna’s multiple racial, religious, and national identities play in the construction of her fictional self. By examining the cultural, historical, and societal influences upon Wittigschlager, as she was in the process of writing the novel, this paper aims at showing how the fictional portrayal of a Jewish defiant female protagonist is interlaced with the factual lifestyles, culture, and representations of some actual contemporary female rebels such as Lucy Parsons, Emma Goldman, and Hesya Gelfman. Minna’s Jewishness serves as the central point of her characterization, while the exploration of the pertinent socio-historical, cultural, political, and economic aspects outlines the environment in which her character was conceived.
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The Basmachi or Korbashi movement refers to the national struggle of people who opposed the new order formed in Turkestan with the establishment of the Soviet Union. It emerged first in Kokand and influenced all of Turkestan in a short time. The movement was active in the north and especially the south regions of Kyrgyzstan. This new movement and the struggle for its existence were important for the Kyrgyz, who deeply experienced the Urkun incident in 1916. Various studies have mentioned Urkun. From this point of view, it is important to investigate how the ‘Basmachi’ movement is reflected in Kyrgyz novels. Accordingly, the present paper examined the Basmachi movement in Soviet Era Kyrgyz novel in the context of Soviet realism by seeking an answer to the aforementioned question. The sample consisted of novels that deal directly with the Basmachi and their actions along with works that only superficially touched upon the movement. The Basmachi movement was introduced to the reader differently from the historical reality in the novels examined. Individuals who were against the new order and were considered as raiders/bandits by the regime, were mostly described negatively as terrorist, enemy, enemies of tañ, enemies of Lenin, traitor, dog, vigilante, religionist, mischief-maker, depravedness, cunning, hypocritical, nationalist, kulak, manap, or rich due to the hegemonic domination. Literature was seen as an ideological device of the party, so black propaganda of the Basmachi movement was made through the novels.
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This paper is an attempt to establish, on the basis of a number of articles and publications from the end of the 19th century to 1914, what was the view of the role of morality, that is, the will in modern war. The way in which the First World War was waged and huge losses prove that the role of determination and will was overestimated in relation to material and technical conditions. In numerous texts and polemics led within the Serbian officer corps on the pages of Ratnik and other sources , an essential disagreement came to light. On the one hand, there was the old‐time Prussian and Russian influence that requested training and drill of individuals, while on the other hand there were those that assessed the human nature and its demands more rationally and soberly. For the former, the goal and ideal were obedient automaton soldiers or religious‐national fanatics who attacked and died without thinking, while for the latter, soldiers who would soberly accept the fight because that was the way to victory without unnecessary sacrifices. The impression is that the first school of thought prevailed among Serbian officers. Also, such outdated views on war, in completely changed technical circumstances, prevailed in other armies, as well, so the conclusion is drawn that such wrong assumptions at the start contributed to this war becoming bloodier than it would have been if it had been theoretically approached in a different way. Opinions, which emphasized the volitional‐motivational factor as the decisive one for a victory, were mainly expressed in numerous articles published on the pages of Ratnik, as well as in special publications, while the technological performance of improved weapons was frequently underestimated.
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Wystawa rolniczo-przemysłowa zorganizowana w Wadowicach w 1907 r. była wydarzeniem prestiżowym dla miasta. W ciągu 10 dni jej trwania zwiedziło ją ok 8 tys. osób, przede wszystkim z Krakowa, Białej i austriackiego Śląska. Na przełomie sierpnia i września 1907 r. o Wadowicach pisano w prasie krakowskiej i ogólnogalicyjskiej. W okresie trwania wystawy wzrósł znacznie obrót handlowy w mieście (sektor handlowo-usługowy), znaczenia nabrał m.in. marka drukarni Foltynów, zyskali restauratorzy, właściciela wyszynków i zajazdów. Wadowice zyskały ponadregionalną promocję a wystawa uruchomiła proces szybszego rozwoju industrializacji - w 1908 r. Samuel Ebel uruchomił fabrykę torebek papierowych, fabrykę opłatków otworzył w 1909 r. Jan Niewidowski, od 1911 r. działała Galicyjska Fabryka Koronek Leopolda Landau i Eliasza Fischgrunda. Przed wojną powstała jeszcze fabryka drutu żelaznego ("druciarnia"), której właścicielem było Towarzystwo akcyjne Hipolit Cegielski z siedzibą w Poznaniu.
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The response by Danilo Šarenac to a critical review of his own and two of his colleagues’ reflections on the 1914 Sarajevo assassination is subjected to close analysis of the specific details emphasized in that response.
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The 14-point declaration of the American president had a strong impact on the oppressed peoples of the old dualist monarchy, leading to profound changes on the map of Europe. Starting from Woodrow Wilson's statements, the leaders of the oppressed peoples of Austria-Hungary joined together and started to fight for national rights, even if the Central Powers Bloc still did not suffer strong defeats at the front. In the case of Romanians from the dualist monarchy, young people were at the front, fighting in the imperial army, while the intellectuals who stayed at home took over the Wilsonian ideas and asserted themselves as their supporters, fighting for the Romanian cause. In this context, several Romanian delegations were active in the major diplomatic centers and pleaded for the separation of the territories inhabited by Romanians from Austria-Hungary, starting from the ideas enunciated by the American president in January 1918. In the fall of 1918, with the end of the war, the new ideas were put into practice. It is the moment when the Romanian leaders also appealed to the Wilsonian ideas so that the newly created state would be recognized by the great powers, which was achieved in the years that followed.
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Review of: Anemari Monica Negru, Viața pe front - în scrieri personale (Life on the Front - In Personal Writings) (Târgoviște, Romania: Cetatea de Scaun, 2019),ISBN: 9786065374423, 544 pp.
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The article analyzes the history of railway transport in Bukovina. Railway connections have played and continue to play an important role in the social and economic development of the region. Railway connections created new opportunities for the organization of cost-effective passenger and cargo transport. Railway lines organically combined passenger needs with the region’s economic interests. Railway transport also facilitated the general mobilization in the country on the eve of World War I. The study explores the evolution of major and local railways in Bukovina. The strategic importance of the network of major and local railways for the region’s development and its positive impact on all areas of life in Bukovina were analyzed. Special emphasis was placed on the strategic importance of Bukovina’s railways in the overall railway system of the Habsburg Empire. The study demonstrated that on the eve of the World War I at the beginning of the 20th century, Bukovina had numerous connections to external railways and played an important role in Austria-Hungary’s railway system. The railway system contributed to Bukovina’s status as a trade hub that exchanged goods with other districts in the empire as well as foreign partners.
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The article analyzes the life and ideas of the Greek Catholic priest Onufriy Volyansky which are an infrequent example of the spread of ultramontane ideas among the Greek Catholic clergy in Galicia. The author examines the role of Volyansky’s studies, primarily at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Innsbruck, in shaping his worldview. Volyansky’s public-journalistic legacy is also considered in detail, first of all in the church magazine “Nyva”, because there his views can be seen in the most detailed and clear way. As a representative of ultramontanism – an idea that put the interests of the Catholic Church first, rather than individual nations or any other – Volyansky strongly opposed the spread of modern ideologies like socialism or liberalism, criticized various anti-church ideas that gained popularity in the early twentieth century. He contrasted them with the idea of the Church and Christian principles’ dominance in politics, culture, and other aspects of society. According to the author, the ultramontanism of Onufriy Volyansky had no chance to become a popular idea in the realities of the early twentieth century. However, his ideas are not without significance, and also show the involvement of at least part of the Greek Catholic clergy in the main intellectual debates that took place in the Catholic Church at that time.
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The article presents the person of Yosyf Grodsky, the greek-catholik clerk from Lviv, which was moved to Bosnia in 1907-1908. He was Methropolite Andrey Sheptytsky’s friend. He send Yosyf Grodsky to Bosnia because Sheptytsky wanted to know the lives of Ruthenian farmers who came from villages in Bosnia. Also he wanted popularize topic of Ruthenian colonisation in Bosnia and Hercegovina. In 1909 Grodsky published book Positon of the Ruthenian from Bosnia. The article presentes some information about this book, and I would like to show more details about Ruthenian society in this part of Balkan Peninsula in the Austro-Hungarian period.
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The article is a translation and analysis of some selected parts of diaries and memoirs of five Italians, soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army, who at the outbreak of the Great War fought in the area of Galicia and Bukovina. Its aim is also to depict the level of participation of the Italian subjects of Emperor Franz Joseph in the military actions on the Eastern front and also to reconstruct, basing it on mentioned sources, their perception of the area of Galicia and the conditions of trench warfare.
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This article examines the biography of Aladro Kastrioti, a nobleman born in the Andalusia region of Spain. Claiming that his great-grandmother married a descendant of Skanderbeg, Aladro asserted that he was an heir of this famous Albanian hero and had a right to the Albanian crown. His life after 1902 was spent in pursuit of this claim and thus almost entirely entangled with the Albanian national movement. By examining Ottoman archival documents, European newspapers, and published memoirs of prominent contemporary Albanians, this study draws attention to how he successfully managed to build a network supporting his claim, especially in northern Albania. His biography offers new perspectives for comprehending the history of the Albanian national movement and contextualising regional developments. This article suggests that the relations he established with key figures of the region provides an opportunity to analyse the social networks of Albanians in the Ottoman Empire. Covering the sixty-nine-year life of Aladro Kastrioti, from his birth as an illegitimate son of a wealthy family in Jerez to his death in Paris as a claimant to the Albanian crown, the study reveals the transformation of a region of the Ottoman Balkans into the Principality of Albania and illustrates the contacts and influences of the Empire in its former territories
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The Grammar of the Lithuanian Language by Jonas Jablonskis (Tilžė, 1901; MLLM : MB 206; hereinafter – JaG) with marginalia is preserved in the Maironis Memorial Library (Maironis Museum of Lithuanian Literature, Kaunas). Until now, it has been assumed that the marginalia in this copy of the JaG belongs to Maironis himself. Indeed, the marginalia are of two kinds: the handwriting, writing tools (black pen and pencil), content and writing intentions differ, and it is obvious they were written by two people. The handwriting of the corrections in black pen is very similar to Maironis’ and coincides with his notes in Kazimieras Jaunius’ Lithuanian Grammar (St Petersburg, 1911; MLLM : MB 212). So it is very likely that Maironis was the author of the marginal notes in black pen. The majority of the JaG marginalia is written in pencil. The particulary interested and attentive reader wrote various notes on the cover, in the margins, and between the lines: he revised, supplemented, corrected the text of the grammar, and compared it with the works of Indo-European and Lithuanian linguistics. The handwriting of these notes differs from that of Maironis. Moreover, Kazimieras Jaunius’ special characters <a̧>, <ę>, <i̧>, <u̧>, <ɥ>, <ɯ>, <ȯ>, <i>, <tŝ>, <ḷ>, <ŝ>, <ẑ> were used. Maironis, a former student of Jaunius, wrote only some of his characters at one time or another. When starting to look for the sources of JaG marginalia, their author became evident. Several publications mentioned in the marginalia were found in the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, in the Kazimieras Jaunius archive. These were Herman Hirt’s Der indogermanische Akzent (Strassburg, 1895); August Leskien’s and Karl Brugman’s Litauische Volkslieder und Märchen (Strassburg, 1882); Jan Karlowicz’s O języku litewskim ([Kraków], 1875) and Antanas Baranauskas’ and Hugo Weber’s Ostlitauische Texte (Weimar, 1882). These books have marginalia written in pencil in the same handwriting as JaG. Stasys Skrodenis attributed these remarks to Jaunius. The handwriting, orthography, terms, and the stylistics of the marginal notes in JaG and the above-mentioned books coincide, and the writer commented on both works of Lithuanian and Indo-European linguistics. So the marginalia in JaG were written by Jaunius and not Maironis. The question how JaG with marginalia by Jaunius got to Maironis remains unanswered. Twenty-nine sources are mentioned in the marginalia of JaG: old Lithuanian writings, authors and publications of linguistics (Indo-European and Lithuanian), folklore, and others. Baranauskas’ Замѣтки о литовскомъ языкѣ и словарѣ (Notes about the Lithuanian Language and Vocabulary; St Petersburg, 1898) and Ostlitauische Texte (Weimar, 1882) published with Weber are the most frequently cited. Jaunius wrote marginalia in all sections of JaG. He compared the material in JaG with the aforementioned sources and dialects, and added additional information and corrected mistakes. It is difficult to say exactly what motives led Jaunius to study JaG so carefully. Perhaps because his Lithuanian Grammar was prepared from 1903, when Kazimieras Būga became his secretary. It is also known that Jaunius was to give a lecture on the normalisation of the Lithuanian language at the beginning of 1905. JaG could have been the source for this lecture.
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Orthodox monasticism in Moldavia was involved in the First World War. During the period of neutrality (1914-1916), more than 200 monks and nuns took classes and trained as nurses, working at different hospitals in the country. Large medical establishments in Moldavia have functioned as hospitals and orphanages. The work of the monks was of great help for the military and the civilian population, especially for the wounded. Metropolitan Pimen Georgescu was permanently visiting the parishes where fighting took place, offering help and encouraging soldiers. Many monks have been decorated for their work as nurses. Analyzing documentary sources, one can see the important role of the Church during the First World War. The monasteries in Moldavia offered their support for the national cause.
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The main goal of present article is to investigate the means of language manipulation in the depiction of emperor Franz Joseph I, who died on November 21, 1916. The analysed texts, which were published in the first days after his death, are taken from the Austro-Hungarian daily newspaper “Krakauer Zeitung”. The focus of interest are precisely those press releases in which the reactions of Germans and Poles at the time to the death of the emperor are described. The analysis shows how the deceased Franz Joseph was portrayed in the mentioned articles. The analytical part contains reconstruction of the image of Franz Joseph from the point of view of the Germans and Poles of the times.
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Review of: MIRCEA-GHEORGHE ABRUDAN, Biserica Ortodoxă şi clerul militar din monarhia Habsburgică între Pacea de la Carloviţ şi Primul Război Mondial (1699-1914), Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca,2022, 523 p.
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The aim of the article is to present how the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary in Sambor takes care of children and youth. First, a general description of the town of Sambor and the Congregation is provided, followed by a presentation of the educational and care activity of the Sisters in the years 1901–1946. The article concludes with a discussion of the contemporary importance of the Congregation for the Sambor community. The author used surviving press articles, personal documents, diaries, and letters written to the Sisters years later.
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The article focuses on the history of one periodical published for Polish diaspora in Grand Rapids, presenting the contents of the “Grand Rapids Courier” weekly: the sections devoted to politics and social life, entertainment, literature, and women’s affairs. Also, the number and content of its advertising sections are presented. In following the history of the Courier, the author tried to demonstrate the phenomena and problems concerning the journalism of Polish diaspora in the first decade of the 20th century. The article applies the quantitative and qualitative methods of press content analysis. The short history of the periodical revealed, in a nutshell, attempts to consolidate the press circulation of American Polonia around several publishing houses, such as the newly established Associated Polish Press in America. The failure of the Courier illustrated the power of the eccentric forces within the circles of Polish diaspora journalists and publishers, conflicted and suspicious of new press companies.
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