Szkic z dziejów adwokatury galicyjskiej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
1. Introduction. 2. The Bar Law of 1849. 3. On the wave of reforms – the Bar Law of 1868. 4. Galicia lawyers in the late 19th/early 20th century.
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1. Introduction. 2. The Bar Law of 1849. 3. On the wave of reforms – the Bar Law of 1868. 4. Galicia lawyers in the late 19th/early 20th century.
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1. Origin, establishment, territory and population of ZCZW. 2. Central authorities of ZCZW 3. Territorial administration; Civilian Authority of the Lands of Volhynia and the Podolia Front. 4. Representative of the General Commissioner and the Warsaw Branch. 5. Jurisdiction. 6. Final remarks.
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After Łódź was released from the Russian’s administration the courts of peace were replaced by the policemen’s courts. The next step, was organisation of the recognition reconciliation commissions. On the 1st of April 1915 the occupational courts’ organisation was introduced and due to this change the competences of the courts of peace were given to the Imperial German Courts of Peace. The archival acts and press noticed the moment of overtaking the courts by the occupational authorities. The judges of peace became Germans and the official language in courts was German. Imperial German courts of peace were replaced in the end of 1916 year by “Polish” courts of peace. The judges were Poles and the official language was Polish. However the higher instances were still under German’s control. It wasn’t until the 1st of September 1917 when the Regal Polish Courts were introduced. This commenced the one hundred years history of Polish courts in Łódź.
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Following the unification reforms carried on by the tsar’s authorities in the Polish Kingdom after the January Uprising, the field administration was subject to reorganization. By the ukase of 19/31 December 1866 the new, modelled on the Russian one, act on the provincial and district administration was introduced. It abolished the current territorial division of the country as well as it changed the organization of civil intermediate authorities, adjusting them to the model of field administration in the Empire. The study presents, in the context of the general principles of the system of provincial management in the Kingdom of Poland, the evolution of powers, the transformation of its internal organisation and the characteristics of the personnel of the Military-Police Department of the Provincial Government of Lublin from its establishment in 1867 to the evacuation to Moscow in August 1915. The Lublin Province has been chosen as the subject of research because it was the second largest in the Kingdom of Poland, after the Warsaw Province, both in terms of territory and population. In relation to other provinces, the personnel of its offices was subject to increased Russification. It was particularly vivid here that the Russian authorities strived to quickly and fully replace Polish officials by Russians, loyal to the Tsar.The source material for the study includes primarily archival sources preserved in the fonds of the Provincial Government of Lublin stored in the State Archives in Lublin and relevant legal acts and literature on the subject. The main source of information about officials holding the posts of councillors and clerks in the Legal Department of the Provincial Government of Lublin was their personnel files (in Russian: “formularnye spiski”). A total of 80–90% of the documents of the fonds of the Provincial Government of Lublin preserved, which has made it possible to describe the characteristics of officials employed in the Legal Department of the Provincial Government of Lublin who held the positions of councillors and clerks: their nationality (religion) characteristics, social background, education and career history.Due to political reasons Poles were the first to be withdrawn from exercising management positions. The situation was different regarding executive positions i.e. officials, bookkeepers, journalists and their helpers. Poles retained them up until the beginning of the eighties. It was only in the next decades that their number started to decrease rapidly, so that in the second decade of the XX century they were with no exception replaced by the Russian officials.
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When, in November 1918, Poland regained independence, the future of the Eastern Lands of the pre-partition Polish Republic was in doubt. Although in April 1919 the Polish army occupied the Vilnus region, it was not incorporated into the reborn state. The civil authority in this area was exercised by the Polish administration organized into the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands. The task of this board was, among others, to create the Polish justice system. Despite very difficult conditions, it was successful. However, the effect of one year’s work was thwarted due to the summer Bolshevik offensive of 1920.
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In the Sarajevo newspaper Srpska riječ dated June 27, 1907, a short notice was published stating that in the quarry near Gračanica (stone quarry) owned by Ignac Rozenšpic, workers, especially those of Serbian nationality, laborers from Gračanica, work up to 15 hours a day and that their working hours last from morning until evening. The anonymous writer of the article wonders if there is anyone in Gračanica who can prevent this. In connection with this public criticism, the competent authorities conducted an investigation in the District Office in Gračanica at the request of the Provincial Government for Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper relates to the course and results of the investigation regarding this article.
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The objective of the paper is to indicate selected issues related to the construction of the political system of the future Polish state in 1918. Parallel to the construction of the political system, struggles for independence and the borders of the state, which was reborn after 123 years of captivity, continued. The emergence of centers of power and political institutions in the conditions of geopolitical changes of the last phase of the Great War of 1914–1918 was of utmost importance for the process of shaping the political system. The main links in this process were the Provisional Council of State and the Regency Council.
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The aim of the article is to present the issues of the Russian revolutions, their course and effects in the Polish press published under the partitions, representing various ideological and political trends. Foreign dailies remained the source of information about the revolution. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The creators of the Polish press assumed the attitude of observers of political and social life. The influence of revolutionary events on the development of the situation in Poland was discussed. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The press content analysis method and qualitative analysis of the presented content were used.
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The paper refers to selected key political issues related to the construction of central state bodies of the reborn Polish statehood in the years 1917–1918. This construction (organization) was started by activist circles in the proclaimed (reactivated) Kingdom of Poland on November 5, 1916, by emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The emancipatory bodies formed at the time – the Provisional Council of States followed by the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland – made efforts to organize the state structures of the reborn statehood, which de facto worked for the future “United Polish State” and as such were taken over and fully used by the sovereign Polish authorities after November 11–14, 1918.
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The general purpose of the article is to show Tadeusz Miciński’s attitude to Polish – Russian relations during the First World War, with a particular emphasis on Polish independence issues. After a detailed analysis of Miciński’s literary and journalistic works from that period, the evolution of his views is identified in this range. The article shows that his favorable attitude towards Russia in the first two years of the war resulted from his belief that the tsar`s empire was able to guarantee Polish autonomy. Miciński shared the idea of a Slavic community to defeat the German enemy. He put his faith in the feasibility of Russian promises included in the statement of Grand Duke Nikolay from 1914. Moreover, Miciński relied on the Triple Entente of the UK, France and Russia, which was supposed to be the guarantor of defeating the Central Powers, and above all, Germany. Additionally, there is a description of Miciński’s attitude to post-revolutionary Russia, his hope for the democratization of the country and later disappointment that was caused by the Bolshevik coup. Miciński warned his compatriots of succumbing to ideas spread by Lenin. It has been shown that Miciński, in his views, was always a supporter of independent Poland over party divisions.
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The founder of the Catholic University of Lublin was Father Idzi Radziszewski. He was Rector for the first four academic years (1918-1922) until his untimely death. In that period, the university he was bringing to life employed people who constituted its teaching, academic and administrative staff. Their biographies are worth looking at in more detail because such pieces of information add up to a collective portrait of Father Radziszewski’s colleagues. Information is summarised in tables to illustrate the issues under analysis, such as family background, age, education etc. Initiatives undertaken by Radziszewski and his colleagues set the directions of the University’s operation for the years to come, the traces of which can be found even today.
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The article is devoted to an overview of the Society’s activities during the First World War. The role of the deputy chairman of the society, historian S. Tomashivskyi (1875–1930), in restoring the work of the society in exile in Vienna during the Russian occupation of Galicia in 1914–1915, and in organising events after its return to Lviv is highlighted, as well as data on losses. The article focuses on the scientific work of the society’s members, which was closely linked to their political activities.
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In the summer of 1913, the Ninth Pleven Infantry Division fell into a crisis situation as a result of military riots, command errors, a ban on firing on Romanian troops invading the Kingdom, and a reduced fighting spirit. As a result, the division lost much of its personnel, which was surrendered to Romanian troops or captured. After the amnesty, the crisis affecting thousands of families was successfully overcome and these soldiers also took part in the First World War.
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Ideological attitudes, moods and the readiness of peoples to participate in a large-scale military conflict, such as the First World War, are important. News of Russia's involvement in the conflict has been met with enthusiasm in major cities. Many opposition leaders are joining the government in the name of victory. Soon, however, it turns out that unity is only apparent, a large part of the population does not understand the aims of the war and is not ready to endure the deprivations it brings.
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This article engages primarily on the struggle for survival of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) during the first decade after the October Revolution (1917). It begins with a summary of the condition of the ROC in the beginning of the 20th century, the abolition of the Monarchy, the opening of the largely anticipated All-Russian Church Council and the rising of the Bolsheviks into power. The article focuses extensively on the anti-religious policies and practices undertaken by the Bolshevik regime in its efforts to compromise and eventually to destroy the ROC. These include confiscating of church property and valuables, introduction of atheist propaganda and its infiltration into the educational system, the creation of a new "Living Church" in attempt to dissociate the ROC from within, etc. It also provides numerous accounts for the systematic terror exercised upon the ROC, including executions of its members and clergy. The article closes with the aftermath of Patriarch Tikhon's death (1925) and briefly outlines the situation of the ROC on the verge of World War II
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Military aviation participated in the struggle to maintain the newly regained independence in 1918, and the actions of combat aviation on the fronts of the wars with Ukraine and the Bolsheviks decided the fate of Poland and Europe. The article describes the beginnings of the organization of aviation training in Poland. In response to the high demand for personnel and emerging threats to the Polish state, the construction of aviation education was dynamic. The political and military situation was refl ected in the emerging aviation training system. The aim of the article is to identify aviation training in the beginnings of military aviation in Poland and its role in the confl ict with the Bolsheviks. The article attempts to answer the question to what extent aviation education contributed to the victory in the wars fought by Poland in the years 1918–1920? The author hypothesizes that the training of air personnel was helpful in quickly building up the Polish Air Force and enabled the eff ective defense of borders and independence in the war with the Bolsheviks. It was one of the elements that determined the survival of the Second Polish Republic and the foundation of aviation values and traditions cultivated by military pilots up to this day. Theoretical methods were used to solve the research problem: analysis, synthesis and generalization.
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Review of Andrzej Chwalba: The People of Poland at War. 1914–1918. (Geschichte – Erinnerung – Politik, Bd. 39.) Peter Lang. Berlin u. a. 2021. 423 S. ISBN 978-3-631-83845-7. (€ 66,–.)
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