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Research on cottage industry in the Carpathian Basin has not paid very much attention to work with straw. In peasant self-sufficiency, in addition to wickerwork and rush weaving, plaits made of wheat and rye straw were among the main materials used for agricultural and household storage containers. In some areas the making of straw hats as an income-supplementing activity carried out together with agricultural work also acquired special importance. In the 19th century with the expansion of trade this cottage industry in places rose to the level of a manufacturing industry. At the turn of the century the movements promoting domestic industry and the trade exhibitions gave special impetus to this activity. It flourished right up to the Trianon decision of 1920. As a consequence of the dictated peace Hungary lost around two-thirds of its territory and economic ties were suddenly severed. In some parts of the Great Plain, e.g. in Hajdúnánás (today Hajdú-Bihar County), and especially in the villages of the Székelyföld region, traditional straw hat making has survived right up to the present as a women’s activity, providing a livelihood for many women working at home. This article deals with the industrial history background, with questions affecting cottage industry in general, and with the past of once flourishing trade connections, devoting special attention to a few villages in Hungary and in the Székelyföld region in the territory of today’s Romania.
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Stanisław Patek (1866-1944) was a prominent lawyer in the Polish Kingdom in the years 1904-1911. He had links with Masonic, socialist and liberal groupings, and was involved in a diverse range of socio-political activities. During the revolutionary turmoil of 1905 he established contacts with Józef Piłsudski and soon entered Piłsudski’s inner-circle of collaborators. After World War I, Patek abandoned his professional legal practice for the world of diplomacy and politics. He was delegated by Piłsudski to attend the Paris Peace Conference in February 1919. During the Polish-Soviet War, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs (16 December 1919 – 9 June 1920). He was Poland’s official representative in Tokyo (1921-1926) and Moscow (1927-1932), and the Ambassador to Washington in 1933-1936. He was appointed to the Senate of the Republic of Poland by the President in 1936, where he sat on the Senate’s Foreign Affairs Committee until 1939.
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The issue of the presented article is a continuation of the author’s reflections concerning Central Europe in recent history. The main attention in this article was focused on a small, in terms of area and population, the historical-geographical region, which is Prekmurje. Till World War I it belonged to two western Hungarian administrative units of Vas and Zala, and together with the adjoining Porabje were called Vendvidek. Despite this fact the Slavic population of Prekmurje did not succumb to the Hungarian influences, which was the result of persisting in Prekmurje and neighboring lands of the cult of Saints Cyril and Methodius. A great importance in preserving the identification of the Slovenian population of Prekmurje was the role which played the Slovenian population in the security system called „Gyepű” and „Őrseg” (guard). Citations from publications of Hungarian authors, who admit that the Hungarians learned from the Avars to treat the Slavic population as a bulwark on the frontier taking the first blow of the enemy, are presented in the text. Therefore, the first villages of Prekmurje inhabited by the Hungarian population are separated at least several kilometers. An important role in the history, culture and shaping the national consciousness of the Slovenian population of Prekmurje played Prekmurje dialect of the Slovak language. Prekmurščina has four dialects known as Pannonia or Prekmurje. They are considered the closest to the roots of the old common Slavic language.
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This article discusses the activities of Oskar Halecki, a professor of the University of Warsaw, in the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. He sought to win support for the further development of intellectual life in the economically ruined countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 1922‑1925. This paper focuses on the concepts and motives that drove this eminent expert in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, and the effects of the methods he employed in seeking to establish and consolidate intellectual cooperation between CEE and western countries.
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Studying the history of twentieth-century Eastern and Central European political thought, one often comes across a basic stereotype that is common to both liberals and conservatives, communists and Fascists, nationalists and cosmopolitans, as well as to the ideologists of ruling and oppositional parties of Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenians. When they are trying to explain the defeats, losses, failures, and sufferings of their respective nations in the course of the centuries, they often make an attempt at blaming influential personalities, smaller or larger social groups (layers, classes) or even non-personal factors (such as ideologies, traditions, or prejudices). Whether these explanations take the form of detailed analyses, or very superficial argumentation, or even merely occasional cursory remarks, the result is often the same: the identification of a scapegoat. This paper will make an attempt at examining the peculiarities of Eastern and Central European scapegoating on the basis of a case study of one of the greatest national tragedies in Hungarian history: the collapse of the Hungarian state in the aftermath of World War I, which entailed the loss of two thirds of the country's territory and about forty percent of the Hungarian ethnic population.
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The progressives were those who preferred universal secret suffrage to restricted and open voting, modern sociology to old-fashioned hair-splitting over public law issues, secularism to the extensive political economic social and cultural influence of the Churches. Kossuth was a key figure for them. Kossuth’s program integrated all the liberal and national aims close to their hearts.
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The article discusses the history and development of the torpedo launchers that gained the greatest renown in the key port of Austro-Hungary Fiume (Rijeka). The main producers of this armament are studied, with a major focus on the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The research is set in a rich historical context.
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Łódź on the threshold of the First World War was a multicultural and in some way neglected multicultural metropolis with increasing after the 1905–1907 revolution religious and national divisions and weak assimilation progress with the Polish culture. It was a “promised land” for wealthy people, particularly of German and Jewish origin. It was a place of great hopes and sometimes of disappointments for the educated who came from other cities in the Congress Poland and peasants from villages outside Łódź. For the majority, particularly for workers, it was a special place where they had to work for a living and tried to find some happiness in this “Eastern Bagdad”.
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Organization of Christian working environments and reception of Catholic social teaching on the territory of the Congress Poland was much delayed in comparison with other Polish territories. In the Upper Silesia in 1969 the first workers’ association was formed under the influence of Catholic social teaching which was being developed in Germany. The activity of Karol Miarka had a great impact on the development and promotion of solidarity-oriented solution of the so called “social issue”. In Wielkopolska father Augustyn Szmarzewski in 1862 set up St Joseph’s association for craftsmen and in 1871 he continued his work within the Union of Earning and Economic Companies. In this region father Piotr Wawrzyniak in cooperation with father Smarzewski engaged in extensive socio-economic and educational activity and started the association for Catholic apprentices in Śrem. The Catholic Church was able to get engaged in the activity among workers in the Congress Poland after political changes related to the revolution of 1905 and to the issuing by tsar Nicolas II the manifesto of 30 October 1905 granting Duma law-making rights and guaranteeing civil liberties. This article presents the formation of the Christian Workers Association in new political circumstances, particularly taking into account the activity of the Association in Łódź Industrial District.
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In 1914–1918 Łódź was a community of many cultures, religions, and nationalities. Poles, Germans, Jews, Russians and representatives of other nations lived next to each other. People of different nationalities gathered in religious communities, different for separate religions, i.e. Catholics and Evangelicals grouped around parishes they lived in and Jews be-longed to Jewish communities (kahals). Regardless of their provenance, during the World War I all religious communities in Łódź tried to provide aid to those who needed it, most of all children. The scope and forms of the aid were diverse. This work discusses initiatives of Roman-Catholic and Evangelical parishes during the World War I consisting in the establishment of shelters for children at pre-school age. They also provided material, educational, and health-related aid as well as food, clothes, shoes, and medicines. Roman-Catholic parishes which existed in Łódź at that time ran 19 shelters. Most of them, i.e. 8, were established on the initiative and within the territory of St. Stanislaus Kostka parish. Other shelters operated in the Assumption, St. Anne, St. Joseph, St. Casimirus, the Transfiguration, and the Sacred Heart parishes. Each of St. Trinity and St. John Evangelical Parishes ran 3 institutions of that type. Financial situation of shelters was difficult and often depended on subsidies from the city. Although money was scarce, parochial communities led by their priests and pastors were active in providing aid for children during the World War I.
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The article contains a brief description of the press of national minorities published in the Second Polish Republic and it discusses directions and results of research conducted by historians aft er 1945. A citation analysis was used to evaluate the research achievements in wider terms. Media activity of the national minorities in the years 1918–1939 was quite high. According to the latest data, more than 3500 newspapers and magazines published in languages of individual nations were published in these years. The largest number of the magazines was printed in Yiddish (1715), Ukrainian (1132) and German (683); the Belarusian (188), Lithuanian (190) and Russian (98) magazines were less numerous. However, the ranking was different when we take into account the impact of the press: what stood out was the German press (7.60 of copies for 100 people), then the Jewish press (3.18), with the almost insignificant Ukrainian (0.2) and Belarusian press (0.36). Interest of historians in the press of the minorities was quite high in the entire postwar period. A total of 78 scholars worked in this area. They published 172 works, which were cited 316 times in the scope of the native discourse (press history).
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Almost 4500 new literary publications in Polish (counting by titles) had been tried to bring in to Empire in 1865–1904. The foreign censorship banned from circulation almost 1400 of these books – in a whole or in a part. These books were treated more lenient than others – because in 1872–1904 the censors prohibited only 29,7% of them, when nonfictional publications – 40,5%. The literary works were more rarely than others banned in a whole. The censorship policy towards imported belles-lettres became slowly less repressive, in spite that it had been changing: during 70. had occurred to be moderate, using various bans conditional upon subject; late 80. and the beginning of 90. it was a period of the strongest repressions, but the second half of 90. and the beginning of XX century it was quite successful time for belle-lettre import. The censorship hit books of Polish authors in the most severe way (which consisted of ¾ of all banned imported works), particularly directed to the people or to the general public or imported for the first time since they were published and didn’t belong to any book series. The most banned author was Słowacki and next: Lenartowicz, Krasiński, Urbański, Poeche, Sienkiewicz (mainly versions adapted for children), Miłkowski (T.T. Jeż), Wilkońska, Przybyszewski, Abgarowicz, Rogosz, Zacharjasiewicz, Kasprowicz, Chociszewski, Tetmajer, Tuczyński, Mickiewicz, Asnyk, Wyspiański, W. Bełza, Przyborowski i Konopnicka.
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Review of: Олег Будницкий и Александра Полян, "Русско-еврейский Берлин (1920–1941)"; ed. Новое литературное обозрение, Moscow 2013, 496 pages by: Jan Ratuszniak
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Kosovo in the nineteenth century, it was within the Ottoman Empire, and it passed through the same stages of social-political development, through which the Ottoman Empire was passing, in particular its European part – Rumelia. Albanians, divided into four vilayets (Kosovo, Manastir, Shkodra and Janina) aimed at political and cultural autonomy, which did not fit the Ottoman Empire, nor the Albanians' neighbors. The Ottoman government at this time undertook some reforms known as "Tanzimat", which directly affected the "Arnavutlluk" villages, including Kosovo. With this new arrangement, introduced a different territorial and political divisions from the earlier administrative divisions that the Ottoman Empire had made.
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The libraries for the people were destined, in the sense given to them by the Association, for the social class of Romanian peasants of Transylvania, but not only. These specific forms of cultural activity of the Association, were published in the last three decades of the 19th century. Clearly, these tools – libraries for active people – were an integral part of the cultural policy of the Association, through which the Romanian Transylvanian political and cultural elite forum implemented its program. The emergence of libraries was closely linked to literacy, so that they could be visited and their volumes made accessible to a large and diverse readership. In the 19th century national states Europe, the establishment of libraries was the result of an extensive state program that was to result in the creation of networks of libraries for the people.The foundation of these specific tools as a result of a successful cultural policy with a great impact is demonstrated by the interest that the editors of Transylvania Magazine, supported by the Central Committee of the Association, shown in their desire to advertise for it in 1870. At that time, the official newspaper of the Association, brought to the attention of its readers the importance of the library as a cultural vector in forming national consciousness and social behavior. Transylvania presented in its pages important libraries that existed in Austria-Hungary, but also in other European countries such as: Belgium, France, Italy, Russia and the UK. Their equipment was highlighted, the number of books per capita was reported, as well as their role in the formal process of training and educating the public, especially in the social emancipation and the formation of national consciousness (Fig. 1). And the libraries for the people, set up by the Association through the work of its members in the Alba Iulia Partition of Astra, have been constant and continuous empowering premises since 1870 for the Romanians of Alba Iulia. The library is in our view the space par excellence where ideas aimed both at social emancipation, on the one hand, and the formation of the national consciousness of Romanians in Transylvania, on the other hand.
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The article is devoted to Chinese porcelain of Qing period (1644-1911). Analyzes the conditions of formation a new artistic style of Chinese porcelain of this period and its role in the cultural and political life of the empire.
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In the geography of Ottoman Empire, especially in the 19th century, many Catholic and Protestant missionaries operated. Among these missionary organizations, the one establishing with the most widespread missionary network and in particular the most active as cultural, social, economic and political influence over the Ottoman Gregorian Armenian subjects was American Missions Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). Founded in 1810 in Boston, missionaries from this organization set foot in the Ottoman land in 1820 for the first time. These missionaries maintaining their operations from the west to the east and from seaside to interior regions within the frontiers of Ottoman Empire, established mission stations all over the Ottoman state. In this regard, one of the stations established by the Board was Nicomedia Station. In the focal point of the activities of missionaries in Nicomedia was mainly Bahcecik. The Board’s activities in Bahcecik, which began in the 1830’s, ended in 1916 during the First World War. In this study, the activities of the Board in the areas of aid and education will be examined in Bahcecik example.
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V. D. Zaporozhskaya (1914—1985) is a bright representative of a large social group of Russian society — educated women. The subject of our research is the gender dimension of her personal history (based on oral history of outstanding, but not well-enough known specialist in Siberian studies, an archaeologist and a talented artist V. D. Zaporozhskaya. The aim of this article is to trace the major milestones of her life as well as to analyze the dynamics of this extraordinary woman’s introspection of social “tectonic shifts” in the context of the events of Russian history (1914—1980-s). The analysis of transcripts of conversations with V. D. Zaporozhskaya showed to us: 1) the inclusion of her personal story in the historical context of several epochs, where the primacy of male dominance was latent, but always present; 2) the dominant femininity of her mentality, focused not so much on purpose, but on the circumstances and emotional experience of the consequences of the events of her life; 3) correlation between stability/mobility of the social structure in different historical periods and reality of her individual endeavors that she constantly directed on organizational and scientific assistance to her husband. Therefore, the story of the life of this educated Russian woman, who passed the test of revolutions, wars, changes of political regimes, from the standpoint of gender theory, is determined not so much by Nature as it is by culture of the Russian society of specific historical periods.
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The article is devoted to activities of ladies committees of the city of Tomsk in the years of the First World War. It is shown that the periodical press plays an important role in the study of the history of women’s charity organizations in the Siberian provinces of the war period because of the fragmentation and oddness of archival materials on the subject, as well as the presence of a certain specificity in the activities of ladies committees. The study is based on materials of the newspaper “Sibirskaya zhizn”, which in the war years was the leading organ of the periodical press in the Tomsk province. Identified is the information on 12 ladies clubs and committees. Analysis of the newspaper materials allows us to follow the work of women’s committees amid rising socio-economic difficulties in the Siberian city life during the war, to see how the citizens perceived and evaluated philanthropy ladies. It also allows us to follow the interaction between various ladies committees as well as their cooperation with other charitable organizations, with local authorities. The ladies committees in Tomsk were created by the initiative of the city and the provincial administration, the church, charities that provided financial and organizational support; however, they also supervised the committees work. The organization and supervision of the activities of the ladies committees by officials and power structures demonstrates their loyalty to the authorities. Ladies committees were created to collect donations, to organize works on sewing clothes for the wounded, and to assist the mobilized refugees’ families. The committees worked wives of officials, merchants, honorable citizens, doctors, professors, teachers, priests, burghers, faithful parishioners. Citizens assessed the work of women’s committees positively, responded to their calls for help, and willingly made donations of money, clothes and food. Historical research of various forms of women’s public activity in Siberia allows us to see how in the beginning of the XX c. the state and society began to use the civil potential of women. This, in turn, changed public views about their role and purpose, influenced the character of the social and cultural processes in the region.
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