Recenzija: Fear and Progress - Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939-1975
The review of: Antonio Cazorla Sanchez, Fear and Progress - Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939-1975, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2010
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The review of: Antonio Cazorla Sanchez, Fear and Progress - Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939-1975, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2010
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From 1943 until the end of World War II, Franjo Veselko (1905-1977), professor of history and geography, was a partisan photographer and organiser of the Photojournalist Service. Since April 1944 until May 1945 he managed the photography section of the Propaganda Commission within the Presidency of the Slovenian National Liberation Council and taught at the partisan gymnasium (secondary school) in Črnomelj. In this period he made around 2000 diverse photographs, transcending thè mere documentary level, which places Franjo Veselko at thè very peak of partisan photography. With his theoretical knowledge in the field of propaganda photography, Veselko wrote several guidelines about what the partisan photojournalists should focus on and how to take photographs in the field. Veselko belongs among the key Personalities in the field of organising the partisan Photojournalist Service.
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The author describes how World War II influenced the life and education at the institute for blind children and youth, located in Kočevje since 1922. Since the beginning of the occupation until its relocation to Ljubljana in the end of 1944, this institute was called the (Regional) Institute for Blind Children in Kočevje. Of the many negative consequences of war, the author also underlines the aerial attacks on Kočevje and the damage the Institute suffered during these attacks, and describes the unavoidable relocation of the pupils and teachers to Ljubljana as well as the establishment of the Department of Blind Novices in Ljubljana.
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In the following discussion the author describes and analyses the main emphases with regard to the issue of the use of violence by the Slovenian partisan movement and its communist leadership, especially in the Ljubljana province in the period from the beginning of this movement in the late summer of 1941 until the middle of 1942. This violence is presented from the viewpoint of the assessments of its Slovenian opponents, that is, various anti-communist subjects like parties, associations and exposed individuals. The main source for identifying the aforementioned evaluations is the anti-communist illegal press and propaganda material as well as reports made by illegal anti-partisan authorities to the King's government-in-exile in London, especially minister Miha Krek. In the spring of 1942 these subjects, except for the group called Stražarji (Guard), have not yet considered resisting the partisan violence with armed Slovenian forces.
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On the basis of archive resources and literature, the following article focuses on the normative activities of the governing bodies of the Slovenian national liberation movement during the occupation lasting from 1941 to 1945 with regard to the supply of everyday items to the population and the bodies forming with the intention of managing supply and trade. The article also demonstrates the development of these bodies and the plans with regard to the organisation and individual steps in the supply chain, from the harvesting of produce to its distribution among the people, as well as the forms and proprietorship of the trade network. The reliance on the aid of the allies is demonstrated. The article also presents the records made at the Department of Supply of the Presidency of the Slovenian People's Liberation Council with regard to the plans of action during the takeover of power. These plans supplemented the more general and long-term measures, taking into account the actual and short-term measures during and after the takeover of power as the occupiers were driven out. The article also addresses the economic delegations of the Slovenian People's Liberation Council outside the Slovenian territory - in Belgrade and Split. These delegations were formed especially due to the activities in the regions where goods were harvested and taken over for Slovenia, and where decisions were made about the division of these goods.
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Nasilna preselitev z enega ozemeljskega prostora na drugi predstavlja velik politični, nacionalni, verski in bivanjski problem, ki vpliva na nadaljnje življenje prebivalstva, ki se seli. Preselitev Slovencev na območje Srbije na začetku druge svetovne vojne so reševali kot del širšega begunskega problema. Begunsko vprašanje ima na Balkanu poseben položaj kot del preučevanja svetovnega zgodovinopisja. Izraz begunci (srb. izbeglice, ang. refugees, fran. Refugies) je novejši; pogosteje se je uporabljal konec 19. in v začetku 20. stoletja. Označuje posameznike in skupine ljudi, ki se ne odločajo sami zapustiti svojo domovino, temveč so najbolj pogosto v to primorani pod silo nasilja. [...]
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After the occupation, the citizens of Ljubljana found themselves in a difficult situation as far as their food supply was concerned. At that time, the new state border cut off Ljubljana's economic hinterlands from the city, which only had modest reserves at its disposal, and it, overrun by thousands of refugees, lost its last remaining link with the surroundings after it had been encircled in barbed wire. The authorities attempted to alleviate the distress of the people with various measures, and at the same time they advised them to help themselves in the struggle for survival. Despite all efforts, the city's isolation and the consequences of war called for the increasingly strict rationing or even cancellation of more and more basic necessities of life, and the prices went up. Thus in the final months of the occupation, the metropolis saw starvation. Malnutrition manifested itself in poor health conditions and a high mortality of tuberculosis patients.
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In the following article, the author explores the arrest of approximately 300 persons in the South Carinthia region, carried out immediately after 8 May 1945 by the special units of the Yugoslav army, which took some of the arrested to the Yugoslav territory. Of these persons who were "dragged away", 96 are deemed as missing, and it has to be assumed that they were victims of extrajudicial executions. The central focus of the analysis is looking at these events in the context of the Carinthian political discourse and historiography as well as establishing a certain overview of them. Since 1947 the German-national Carinthian circles have attempted to depict the "dragged away" as "innocent victims", executed because of their "loyalty to their homeland", while they conceal the participation of these people in the Nazi system (for example the denationalisation policy against Slovenians). A part of the Carinthian historiography has been reproducing these interpretations without any critical distance.
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V prvi vrsti je treba poudariti dejstvo, da ta nov projekt obravnava enega najzahtevnejših področij zgodovinskih raziskav, torej zgodovino komaj končane preteklosti. Novejša zgodovina je že po svoji definiciji veliko tesneje kot druga zgodovinska (in zgodovinopisna) obdobja povezana s sedanjostjo, pri čemer meja med spominom in lastno udeležbo ter distancirano analizo in interpretacijo ni pretrgana. Tukaj ne drži toliko Rothfelsova nevtralna definicija novejše zgodovine, torej zgodovine še živeče generacije, ampak prej novejša definicija Ulricha Herberta. Ta označuje novejšo zgodovino kot zgodovino, ki ni le še vedno živa in topla, temveč predvsem kot zgodovino, ki še vedno boli. Poudarjanje bolečine kaže na travme dvajsetega stoletja, stoletja diktatur. V Srednjevzhodni Evropi se je po padcu komunističnih diktatur - enako kot v Nemčiji po padcu nacizma leta 1945 - sprava s pravkar končano, bolečo preteklostjo prelevila v določeno obliko vzpostavitve nove kolektivne identitete. Konstituiranje novejše zgodovine je bilo v Srednji in Vzhodni Evropi izraz novega zgodovinskega usidranja narodov, ki so se osvobodili diktatorske oblasti. [...]
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The review of: Samo Kristen, Meje in misije. Dileme slovensko-hrvaške razmejitve v Istri v vojaškem, političnem, diplomatskem in obveščevalnem metežu II. svetovne vojne. Društvo 2000, Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja. Ljubljana 2006, 410 strani.
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The review of: Jože Prinčič: Tovarna vijakov Plamen Kropa: od konca druge svetovne vojne do stečaja in novega začetka (1945-1997), Muzeji radovljiške občine, Radovljica 2007, 208 strani, ilustrirano.
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In thè following article thè author provides a comprehensive overview of the Muslim Autonomist Movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which took place in different historical periods. The first attempt at achieving autonomy took place in the 19th Century in the time of the Ottoman Empire, the second in the time of the Austro-Hungarian occupation of BiH, the third in the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croat and SloveneslKingdom of Yugoslavia, while the fourth attempt occurred in the time of World War II. In all these periods the autonomist movement represented the Opposition to the ruling structures. During the time of World War II, the autonomist movement wanted to adapt to the new Situation under the German occupation. Its adherents saw power and order in Germany, which would ensure the regulation of the Situation in BiH. Basically this movement was not pro-Nazi; its intentions were to protect the Muslims from the Chetnik and Ustashe violence.
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The author deals with the enlistment of Slovenes in the German army during the Second World War, using as an example the village of Sveti Tomaž in Slovenske Corice. After March 1942, as elsewhere in Lower Styria, the German occupier carried out enlistment of the military conscripts from Sveti Tomaž born between 1908 and 1928 (partly also 1929). The dates of their enlistment coincide with those of the inhabitants from the Ptuj District. In the absence of records, the exact number of those enlisted from Sveti Tomaž remains unknown and only approximate figures have been established.
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Using extensive literature and some archive sources, the author explores the ideological and political bases of various forms and degrees of the collaboration with occupying regimes in selected European cauntries during the Second World War. Individual cases are then briefly compared with the situation and events in the occupied Slovenia. He concludes that, in Western Europe and the Baltic states, the main ideological role was played by extreme nationalist movements. In this respect, there were also attempts to create some kind of Fascist International, which the Nazi leadership intended to mobilise in its campaign far the so~called 'new Europe'. In some areas, anti-Semitism and anti-Communism, i.e. the fear of a Soviet domination, featured prominently. The latter, reinforced by the violent attitudes of the partisan movement, was typical of Slovenia. Everywhere, the emergence of collaboration was connected with survival and opportunism, although the latter may only be classified as an ideological basis conditionally.
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In the following article the author analyses the end of World War II in the Independent State of Croatia (ISC=NDH), which was on the losing side. The new victorious authorities dealt with the "potential enemy" severely. The overall relations and forces were not favourably inclined to the NDH leadership at that time, and the author of the article studies the factors which encouraged the large army and also civilian population to retreat towards the British Occupation Zone in Austria. She describes how the retreat was carried out, the direction of their movements and the consequences.
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The following article offers a chronological overview of the relations between Yugoslavia and Albania in the post-war period. The majority of the text focuses on the trade in goods, which was the only contact between the two countries in certain periods, and it also describes the political situation every time, since all the contacts between the two states should be considered in light of mounting or decreasing political tension.
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Zgodovinsko-diplomatski arhiv Zunanjega minisrrstva ltalijanske republike v fondu Politicne zadeve 1946-1950, Jugoslavija, skatla 62, hrani zanimivo oceno prvega slovenskega celovecernega igranega filma Na svoji zemlji, Člani Predstavnistva ltalije v Beogradu (ltalijanska republika in Federativna ljudska republika Jugosiavija sra diplomatske stike na ravni veleposlanisrev vzpostavili sele ... ) so si ga ogledali v beograjskih kinematografih, kjer so ga pričeli predvajati marea 1949. [...]
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The review of: Alfred Elste, Michael Koschat, Paul Strohmaier, Opfer, Tater, Denunzianten. "Partisanenjustiz" am Beispiel der Verschlcppungen in Karnten und der Steiermark im Mai/Juni 1945: Recht oder Rache? Mohorjeva/Hermagoras. Klagenfurt/Celovec – Ljubljana/Laibach - Wien/Dunaj 2007, 488 strani, ilustrirano
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The review of: Mitja Ferenc, Zelimir Kužatko, Prikrivena grobista Hrvata u Republici Sloveniji / Prikrita grobišča Hrvatov v Republiki Sloveniji / Hidden Croatian Mass Graves in the Republic of Slovenia. Počasni bleiburski vod, Zagreb 2007, 199 strani, ilustrirano.
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The review of: Iz zgodovine Celja 1945-1991. Muzej novejse zgodovine, Celje 2006, 286 strani, ilustrirano (Odsevi preteklosti)
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