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The academic school of Iași is related to names that contributed signifi- cantly to the development of science in our country, regardless of the political or social changes that the University went through. Olga Necrasov falls in this category. She was the specialist who developed and elevated Romanian anthropology to the standards of the great European anthropology schools. Her academic portrait, teaching, and research activity are the subject of the present paper that focuses on the relation with foreign academia in a period in which the cultural activity was on close surveillance.
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Review of: Ndiaye Beránková, J. – Hauser, M. – Nesbitt, N. (eds.): Revolutions for the Future: May ‘68 and the Prague Spring. Lyon: Suture Press, Lyon 2020, 324 p., ISBN 978-2- 9569056-1-5
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While the Hungarian People’s Republic was following a policy of “official silence” and was suffering in “programmed amnesia”, Hungarian diaspora communities living in Western countries were unanimously concerned over the fate of their national kin living in Romania whose community was created due to the moving borders of WWI. The Committee for Human Rights in Rumania was such an organization in the U.S. after the Hungarian American diaspora has been activated in the late sixties, early seventies. The organization counted secondgeneration Hungarian Americans among its members who were born and socialized in the American society, while preserving their own Hungarian identity. Their greatest success was their contribution to the abolition of the Most Favored Nation status of Romania, linking the original condition of free emigration to human rights. Based on sources of the Ford and Carter presidential libraries and the organization’s own document collection, the study details the advocacy activities of the organization during its first three years.
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The impediments in researching the history of Cluj radios are those related to the lack of memoirs or descriptions of certain periods. That is why any research is based mostly on employees’ memories (oral history), respectively, on the analysis of any documents found, including leaf lets published at some anniversary monuments.
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In this material, we analyse the way in which a paradigmatic period for the evolution of art and sculpture as we see it today, the years 1960-1970, shaped the contemporary perception of the visual arts, in terms of reconnecting a spiritual approach and the art manifestation and perceptibility. The theme allows a radiographic introspection into the visual expressions, the diversity of materials, techniques, artistic and aesthetic solutions. The main goal is to facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms that led to nowadays perceptions of art (and of sculpture, as the main vehicle of operating with objectual and space). As most of the minimalist and post-minimalist sculpture orientations can be analysed though the perspective of various prominent artists or researchers such as Donald Judd and Hal Foster, we also assist to major shifts in institutionalizing anti-aesthetic or less-traditional art movements.
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The Italian Communist Party and the communist regimes of Eastern Europe through the magazine “Rinascita”. The cultural magazine of the Italian Communist Party “Rinascita” was published from 1944 to 1991, thus following the evolution of that party from the post-WWII to its self-dissolution. Through an analysis of the articles published in the magazine, this contribution studies the evolution of the image of the communist regimes of Eastern Europe among the Italian communists, retracing the strategic and ideological changes that characterized the Pci, along a difficult path that from the cult of Stalin eventually came to social democracy.
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Starting with the independence process of all the territories once colonies and later, overseas territories of the different states of Western Europe, Latin America meant an association of unique paradoxes. Portugal and Spain have dominated in the past, especially from a linguistic and religious perspective, the current space that became a varied cultural environment. In this context, the aim of this study is to capture, in the introductory part, characteristics of the Latin American complex identity(reflected, for example, in the names associated with this space of civilization, in political circumstances and social issues, in particular). In addition, another purpose is to highlight the way in which these aspects are considered in the prose of modern Latin American writers, Rodrigo Rey Rosa and Héctor Abad Faciolince. At the same time, emphasizing the scourge of discrimination or inequality, but especially the perpetual violence, the study concludes with a reference (also found in the literary discourse of the two texts chosen for analysis, Los sordos and El olvido que seremos) to the ethical spirit, but also to the feeling of empathy—subjects approached by both writers—in a world that seems more and more fragmented and depersonalized, as if it has been occupied by a continuous stigma of imbalance.
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This paper presents the development path and theoretical principles of critical discourse analysis (CDA). In the first part, the question of the influence of systems functional linguistics (SFL) on the theoretical assumptions and methodological framework of the CDA is discussed. CDA takes over from SFL a setting about the language as a reservoir or set of options available to the speaker. At the same time, every use of language implies the choice of a language form, and that choice is socially conditioned. By insisting on the dialectic of linguistic and social structures, SFL makes a departure from the formalistic approaches that had been dominant in linguistics until then. What distinguishes CDA from SFL is its critical attitude towards socially-conditioned language use. CDA takes this critical impulse from the critical linguistics that a group of researchers from the University of East Anglia began to develop in the late 1970s. In addition, the development of CDA has been significantly influenced by poststructuralist criticism, from which CDA derives emancipatory ambitions. In the last part of the paper, Fairclough’s model of the triad structure of discourse analysis is presented, composed of text, discursive practice, and sociocultural practice.
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The 1960s and the 1970s in Italian literature were marked by a standstill in narratology, that could no longer find any strength to renew its own expressive and representative forms. It seemed that both art and literature were facing death. It was the period when the postmodern was emerging and when novels started discovering some of its features, also emphasizing significant turning points in the history of twentieth-century literature. This was the moment that marked the end of history and a standstill of reality. It became impossible to produce something new, and, related to creativity in literature, art, theatre and cinema, what prevailed was a rejection to seek unknown solutions, as well as a tendency to repeat something that was already familiar or to write what had already been written or to resort to the past styles in order to combine them, constructing thus texts and works as collections of quotations. There is a distinction between three phases of the Italian postmodern: the beginning phase, the phase of the “true and genuine postmodern”, and the postmodern of the new generations that started from the assumptions already solidified by the previous generation. The mid-1990s mark the end of the postmodern. The masterpieces of the Italian postmodern are If on a Winter’s Night by Italo Calvino and The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco, published in 1979 and 1980, respectively. In the 1980s, the voice of the generation novel was heard, which, in keeping with its American role model, embodied the anxiety and disorientations of the youth. In this paper, we have attempted to define the phases of the Italian postmodern more precisely, to determine its beginning and end, as well as to establish its characteristics.
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This study examines women’s role in Nigeria’s fratricidal war that ended in 1970 by debunking several myths on the subject matter. With the war’s end, scholars have been unable to put in proper perspective the role of women in that conflict; instead, the generality of people prefer to live in denial by consigning the role of women to obscurity and oblivion. Male-dominated narratives of bravery and invincibility depict a shut-down mentality against the womenfolk whose wartime activities count for nothing. This seeming social exclusion and marginalization of femininity are very pronounced. Historical and oral evidence abound but remains mostly unacknowledged on successful women traders in times of conflict. Several women gave a good account of themselves during the war it would have been a measure of fairness in the civil war narratives if a few of these women had received the slightest mention. The above is a glaring lacuna and thus a significant challenge and concern for this study. The study used mainly oral sources interlaced with secondary materials and based on historical narrative style in giving relevance to women’s role in the war. It however came with the consequences of a moral dilemma.
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Regularly held elections are one of the most basic characteristics of democratic states. Cyclic elections took place in nearly all the dictatorships of the 20th century, including the Central and Eastern European states which fell under the dominion of the Soviet Union after the 2nd World War. Yet despite bearing the name, they were completely different from democratic elections in the West. The essay presents the current state of knowledge on the issues of their organisation and the reliability of their results on the example of Poland. It makes use of the author’s research into several Polish national and regional archives as well as the latest literature on the subject. The author discusses, among others, the pre-selection of the MPs, the composition of electoral boards, the methods of electoral propaganda and the cases of electoral fraud.
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The article presents the activities of Dragutin Feletar related to economic history. One of the discussed segments is the development of enterprise research methodology in which a very important segment, in addition to industrial geography, was related to economic history. The article also presents how Feletar to a large extent viewed his regional synthesis of Podravina from the point of view of economic history, and he did the same in numerous articles and books about individual settlements. Regarding the relevance of individual books, the monograph of the Podravka company (1980) and numerous other books and articles should be singled out and divided into: a) Contributions to the history of banking (Varaždin, Koprivnica, Prva hrvatska štedionica (The first Croatian savings bank), etc.); b) Contributions to the history of industry - from the doctoral dissertation published as a book »Podravina Industry«, through articles on textile and wood industry in Međimurje, textile industry in Zabok and Zagreb, Sisak industry, Maribor, metal industry in Zagreb, wood industry Novska, food industry in Umag, almost all industries in Koprivnica, footwear and leather industry of the Varaždin region up to the definition of the development phases of the Zagreb industry and the periodization of the Croatian industry; c) Contributions to the history of mining (especially in the Podravina part of Bilogora); d) Contributions to communal activities and electrification (Komunalac and Elektra Koprivnica, history of electrification of northwestern Croatia); e) Contributions to printing industry (Međimurje, Koprivnica Podravina, Varaždin, Virje); f) Articles on guilds (Legrad, Koprivnica, Podravina, Donja Dubrava, etc.); d) Articles on cooperatives (Hlebine, Koprivnica Podravina, individual settlements); h) Articles on communications and trade (about the post office in Koprivnica, railways, old roads, rafting in Donja Dubrava, history of trade in Koprivnica).
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The aim of the paper is that, through research of scarce and rare documentation and memories collected from the artist‘s daughter, primaballerina Ivanka Lukateli, to illuminate the life, ideological principles and creative poetics of Anton Lukateli, an insufficiently studied and unjustly neglected artist who dedicated his enitre opus to anti-fascism and National Liberation War. Anton Lukateli was a participant in the National Liberation War from 1941, a versatile cultural worker, one of the founders of ULUCG (The Association of Fine Artists of Montenegro) its first secretary, initiator of Montenegrin cinematography, author of the first ‚‘Pobjeda‘‘ logo where he worked as an illustrator, and author of the first social dinar in Montenegro, together with the painter Milan Božović. He was one of the first representatives of social realism in Montenegro, and his most successful works were linocuts with a war thematics, on which he manifested resistance to injustice and violence through convincing artistic expression. He was the author of the first post-war map of graphics with which he participated in the Pan-Slavic Exhibition of Graphics in Prague in 1946, and one copy is preserved in the National Museum of Montenegro. Because of his beliefs, he was imprisoned on Goli Otok from 1952 to 1954. After Goli Otok, he moved to Belgrade, where he withdrew from public life in a certain way and was engaged in scenography and film work.
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Monuments dedicated to the Second World War, works by famous Montenegrin and Yugoslav artists and architects, represent a significant part of Montenegro’s cultural heritage. With their multi-layered meanings and values, they occupy an important place in the historical and social context of modern Montenegro, pointing to the original freedom spirit of the Montenegrin people. The great monument is directly related to the uprising period in 1941 (Monument to the Revolution in Virpazar; Memorial Park to the Uprising and Revolution in Grahovo; Monument to the Fallen Zeta Fighters in the National Liberation War in Golubovci, etc.), and many are through central republican celebrations July 13, just ceremoniously opened on this important holiday (Mausoleum of the Partisan Fighter in Gorica in Podgorica; Monument to the Fallen Fighters in Žabljak, etc.). The integration of sculptural-architectural artistic expression, characteristic of almost all monuments, makes them significant examples of memorial architecture in Montenegroand beyond. For the further correct understanding of their multi-layered meanings and values, the tourist valorization of these monuments is also important. Research conducted through the regional project WWII Monument SEE Assessment of monuments dedicated to World War II for the formation of a new regional tourist product / cultural route in Southeast Europe (conducted by NGO Expeditio, Kotor in cooperation with Regional Cooperation Council RCC, 2018/19), had with the aim of recognizing and promoting the layered meanings and values of these monuments, as well as the somewhat later book “Monuments of World War II in Montenegro” (2020, NGO Expeditio).
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The paper reviews the phenomena of memorialization and culture of memory and forgetting on the example of cultural heritage in the territory of the Municipality of Budva, which affirms the memory of World War II. Particular focus will be placed on the cultural property status, the most numerous segments from this heritage, which comes in different types, forms and materialization, and also from different time periods, precisely from the early 1950s. Furthermore, the frameworks of the normative and institutional protection of memorials with the status of cultural property in Montenegro, which are the instrument of their protection, will be consid- ered. The paper presents contribution of the authors in the fight against the increasingly present dangerous social tendencies (not only in our country), such as the revision of historical events and reoccurring attempts to equalize the collaborators movement with antfascist movement, but also against all frequently occurring practices of devastation of the memorials.
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Memorials are used to permanently mark important events, preserve memories of prominent personalities, nurture human ideals and cultural and historical traditions, and pay tribute to freedom fighters, civilian victims of war and mass suffering. Recognition, preservation and popularization of the original tangible and intangible message of monuments and memorials is a professional obligation of all those who deal with the valorization of cultural heritage in various ways. Different types of memorials: monuments, memorial plaques, memo- rial busts, memorial houses, memorial tombs, places of mass executions and other memorials, as materialized memories of important personalities and events, largely depict value patterns and social circumstances of the period in which they were erected, as well as the artistic achievements and craftsmanship of those who shaped them. Monuments and memorials are witness- es of our turbulent history, memory of heroic deeds, significant historical events and personalities. The special feature of the memorials is their spiritual value in terms of preserving the memory of their dedication, and for the most of these memorials, it is the legacy of the Thirteenth of July Uprising and the entire National Liberation War. Their authorial, artistic and architectural value is also special. As such, these memorials represent an extreme- ly important segment of the state‘s cultural heritage. In accordance with the passing time, the social and cultural attitude towards memorials is evolving and changing. The erection of the monuments is becoming part of the urban transformation of the city, especially during the past few decades, but also due to more intensive international cooperation. The memorials were intro- duced into the Register of Cultural Monuments of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments as: „monuments of the People‘s Revolution”, „monuments of the National Liberation War”, „monuments from the First World War”, „monuments from the Balkan Wars”, „Sculpture” and others. The first law regulating the issue of memorials was passed in 1971.
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In her work, the author wants to draw attention to the importance of protecting and preserving the material heritage of antifascism by presenting a valuable segment of the Montenegrin memorial cultural heritage with a focus on the heritage dedicated to the Thirteenth of July Uprising. This is an important issue, especially today, when in some countries, unlike in Montenegro, there is an increasing re-examination of the narratives of the past, but also the revision of memories.The July 13 uprising in Montenegro has a special significance in its history, which is why its citizens inherit a cult of collective memory according to that event and the period of the National Liberation War. In Montenegrin society, there is no review of the memory of the NLW period, on the contrary, a positive social attitude is expressed, which, among other things, is indicated by numerous monuments and memorials, built to re- mind of that period. Monuments to the fighters killed during the National Liberation War were the first symbols of the cult of revolution in Montene- grin post-war society, but also places of historical memories and commemorative practices. Due to their historical significance, most of them have been placed under state protection, have the status of cultural property and represent a significant segment of Montenegrin cultural heritage. There- fore, the paper will discuss this type of cultural heritage, insufficiently valorised and presented, its legal status, condition, and also its role and significance for society.
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