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ICONOCLASMUL

Author(s): Sorin Răpeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2015

Iconoclasm literally means “icon-breaking,” which includes the religious as well as political destruction of images or monuments, usually though not always those of another religious group. Iconoclasm is frequently a component of major domestic political or religious changes. Iconoclasm is the belief that there should not be religious pictures or sacred images or religious monuments because they are seen as a form of idolatry.Conversely, people who revere or venerate religious images are called “iconolaters.” In a Byzantine context they are known as“iconodules” or “iconophiles.”

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VIAŢA BISERICEASCĂ ÎN SCIŢIA MINOR

Author(s): Constantin Valentin Bugiulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2015

Saint Andrew, the Apostle of the Gets-Dacians (Scythes). As Romanians, we draw our Christian faith from St Andrews’s activity, who preached on the territory between the Danube and the Black Sea, later on called Dobrudgea, known from the antique sources as “Scythia Minor”.In the 3rd century, the number of these “lay” missionaries increased due to certain Christian prisoners whom the Goths - established on the territory north of the Danube - used to bring here from Asia Minor, where Christianity was known as far back as the “apostolic century”. Some of them were ordained as bishops, chorepiscopi, priests and deacons.

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Bioethics in the light of orthodox anthropology

Author(s): Constantine Scouteris / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2016

This article presents the bioethics in the light of orthodox anthropology. Bioethics is called to face the new ethical issues that were and are created by research in the fields of Biology and Medicine. Its subject matter is completely fresh and in the main unexpected. Bioethics has a mission to evaluate this bold progress and to see if, and to what degree, it is compatible with the generally accepted values which govern human life. The Orthodox tradition steadfastly promises that greater value than what it is, has that what human person can become, god by grace.

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Święcenia kapłańskie kobiet z perspektywy prawosławnej

Author(s): Tadeusz Kałużny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The present article aims at explicating the present position of the Orthodoxy on a possibility of ordaining women to the priestly office. The Orthodox Churches met with the problem of women’s ordination in 1960’s when participating in the World Council of Churches. At first, the Orthodox theologians saw this issue as something alien to their ecclesiastic awareness. In the course of time however, influenced by contacts with Christian Churches in the West, the Orthodoxy realized the importance of the problem and the need for a deeper reflection on it. The challenge was taken up by Orthodox theologians, especially those from Western Europe and the USA. The practice of ordaining women was negatively evaluated in the final document of the Rhodes Inter- Orthodox Consultation (1988). The Orthodox party took a similar position in the final documents of interconfessional ecumenical dialogues. The Orthodox arguments against ordination of women which are contained in these texts concentrate on the Tradition testified in the Holy Scriptures, anthropology, liturgical symbolism and Christian communion. Thus, the present position of the Orthodoxy on a possibility of women’s ordination to the priestly office is negative. At the same time, one can notice certain differences in opinions of Orthodox theologians on this issue, which can mean that the debate on ordination of women should not be regarded as finished.

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Петр Гугнивый и Папесса - Антилатинская церковнославянская полемическая литература в Центральной Европе

Author(s): Ágnes Kríza / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2008

The Church Slavonic polemical literature against Latin Christianity is coeval with Slavic literacy itself. Some topoi of this polemical literature continue to survive through the centuries witnessing the attitude of the Slavs towards Western Europe. This paper investigates the connection of two topoi (the legendary story about the filthy pope, Peter the ‘Stammerer’, and the character of the Female Pope) and their historical context in two polemic works deriving from this very tradition: Protos Gavriil of Athos’s letter written to the King of Hungary in 1534 and Mykhajlo Rosvyhuvs’kyj-Andrella’s works from the end of the 17th century.

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О древнеболгарском «Рассказе о зографских мучениках» и «Послание святогорцев великому князю Василию Васильевичу»

Author(s): István Ferincz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1(2)/2007

The “Narrative about the Zographian Martyrs” («Разказ за зографските мъче- ници») is a monument of Old Bulgarian literature dating from the late 13th c. The paper examines the historical circumstances underlying the work, the literary characteristics of the “Narrative”, and its impact on later orthodox antiunionist literature.

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Некоторые замечания к облику Богоматери в русских духовных стихах

Author(s): Erzsébet Kámán / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1(2)/2007

In Russian religious songs Blessed Virgin is always near her son. She is an agile and warm-hearted protector of people. Man has three mothers: Mother of God, archaic Russian “mother-earth” and man’s mother who gave birth to him. The characteristic comparison of folk-songs and profound symbols is remarkable.

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Spór o genezę bractw cerkiewnych w literaturze historycznej

Author(s): Marcin Mironowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

The article has discussed the issue of origin of Orthodox Brotherhoods. Historians’ opinions on the origin and background of Orthodox Brotherhoods differ considerably. Some historians claimed they derived from House Brotherhoods operating in Ruthenia, others believed they were established in effect of Magdeburg Law while some connected their beginnings with craft guilds. Moreover, it was also assumed that Orthodox Brotherhoods emerged due to the attempted defence to preserve Orthodox Church in difficult religious and political conditions, or the attempted reforms of Orthodox Church in effect of the decline of Orthodox hierarchy at the end of the 16th century. The article invokes different opinions of Polish and Russian historians as well as the author’s own opinion thereon.

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Cudowne ikony Matki Bożej w parafii Puchły i Żerczyce

Author(s): Justyna Matus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2017

The icon in Orthodox Church occupies an important place. The Mother of God and her miracle images play a crucial role in the life of Orthodox Christians. In the article the worship of miracle icons from Pukhly and Zherchitse parishes has been analyzed. The author emphasizes that the icons are still enshrined. Pilgrims who pray in front of them return to health and St. Mary the Virgin grants them mercy.

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Tabliczki z Podebłocia w świetle inskrypcji greckich na Rusi Kijowskiej

Author(s): Leszek Bednarczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

In 1986, during excavations at Podebłocie (a locality near Vistula c. 100 km south of Warsaw) 3 clay tablets dated between IX–XI centuries A. D. were found. Professor T. Wasilewski (1987) interpreted the inscription as placed on them as I X C H which represents the Byzantine Christogram: IC/XC – NI/KA = IHCOYC XPICTOCNIKA. This Christogramm occurs often in different inscriptions in KievanRus’, namely in 3 stones of duce Borys in Dvina near Połock, 1128, in Cross on stone of duce Rogvolod near of town Druck as well as in of Kievanencolpions. In the territory of Poland were discovered over 50 encolpions. One of them fund in excavation Horodyszcze in Trepcza near Sanok (XII–XIII c.) has Christogram IC / XC N (K ), whereas X P was engravedon the bronze encolpion in Ostrów Lednicki near Gniezno (first half of XI c.). As it seems, also tablets from Podebłocie are of Church Russian origin. Its author might be captive Orthodox believer taken during Kiev expedition of Bolesław the Brave in 1018 and then settled in Podebłocie, where he engraved inscription in the tablets.

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Język Ewangeliarza 1771 r. w konfrontacji z językiem pierwszej drukowanej Biblii cerkiewnosłowiańskiej (na przykładzie fleksji imiennej i werbalnej)

Author(s): Małgorzata Kurianowcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

The article is focused on morphological analysis of two Slavonic Gospels: the first complete printed edition of the Church Slavonic Bible (1581) and the 18th century altar Gospel, which is kept in Orthodox monastery in Jabłeczna (south–east Poland). The comparison of these two texts on linguistic level permits to ascertain, that over three hundred years morphological features nouns and verbs have changed. The main aim of these changes was to eliminate a homonymy which hindered text perception and caused many misunderstandings. In order to improve the biblical text, proofreaders replaced soft endings with hard endings. Did they achieve their aim? Only the Church Slavonic Bible readers can answer this question.

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Церковнославянский перевод Евангелия и синодальный перевод Евангелия на русский язык (лингво-текстологический анализ)

Author(s): Anna Novikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2013

The article is devoted to the linguistic and textual analysis of Russian text of the synodal translation of Gospel in comparison with its Church Slavonic text.

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О современной богослужебной певческой практике старообрядцев Новосибирска (на примере службы мученикам и исповедникам, пострадавшим за правоверие в XVII веке)

Author(s): Olga Swietłowa / Language(s): Russian Issue: 17/2017

In the article the author adheres to the concept of defining the Old Believers as a living tradition that preserved the ancient Russian church singing art. The modern state of liturgical singing practice in the community of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church in Novosibirsk is considered. The particular qualities of the Old Believer service to the saints martyrs and confessors who suffered for their faith in the 17th century are analyzed. The author makes a conclusion about the uniqueness of the Old Believer culture, in which, despite inevitable modifications and updates, Old Russian liturgical singing continues to carry its true sacred meaning.

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Constitutional Design and Cultural Cleavage: UNESCO and the Struggle for Cultural Heritage in Kosovo

Author(s): Stefan Surlić / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2017

Since gaining independence in 2008, Kosovo’s constitutional design has been based on the principles of civil society normatively respecting the rights of all minorities. Even though no open conflict has taken place since 1999, except for individual interethnic incidents, Kosovo is still at the stage of post-conflict management. The Serbian community feels strongly attached to Serbia, while the Albanians do not want to give political autonomy to the Kosovo Serbs because they fear this could lead to a permanent division and eventual separatism. Based on research, the author pinpoints that a key cleavage is essentially the cultural one. The recent vote in the Assembly of UNESCO has intensified the hostile tone between Belgrade and Priština. Serbia considers Kosovo its Holy Land, the “Serbian Jerusalem”, due to a large number of Orthodox churches and monasteries found there, while the Albanian side believes that this cultural treasure inherently belongs to Kosovo and that the Orthodox monasteries were built on the foundations of Illyrian temples. This paper analyzes the imposed political dimension of cultural heritage with religious and mythological backgrounds. There is a great desire among the Kosovo authorities that it become a member of UNESCO, thereby reaffirming its international legal personality and stopping the efforts of the Serbs to have the Orthodox cultural heritage still listed as Serbian. The issue of cultural heritage has a direct impact on interethnic relations and contains the capacity to paralyze all other multiethnic institutions. The author analyzes the difference between the normative framework and the implementation of mechanisms for the protection of cultural heritage as well as the activities of Belgrade and Priština in the battle for ownership of cultural heritage.

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Демифологизация идеи третьего Рима в контексте церковно-государственных отношений начала ХХ века

Author(s): Andrey Avenirovich Solovyov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

The article shows the problems of a political institutionalization of ROC at a boundary of the XIX—XX centuries. The models of the church and state relations developed by clergy in 1905—1917, the position of the Holy Synod during the First Russian and February revolutions are considered as well as restoration of patriarchate are analyzed mainly from the point of view of a historical and theological problem of priesthood and the kingdom. At the beginning of the XX century the dominating tendency in the field of church construction continued to remain the confessionalization of public life. Methods of reforming of the Church were directly interconnected with methods of reforming of the state as the empire was confession focused, and ROC was considered as dominating. The liberal reforms of Provisional government finally led to convocation of the Local council of 1917—1918 and election of the patriarch, however historical time for finding of ROC of original connection of religious and philosophical and church and theological values of a concept of collegiality was missed.

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« Le Buisson Ardent de la Vierge ». Une lettre et une icône

Author(s): Codrina-Laura Ioniță / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2018

”The Burning Bush”, a symbol of epiphany, a place of getting out of the hiding place, of ”revelationi”, of the sacred moment from Horeb Mountain, when God first spoke to Moses, becomes the emblematic image for the spiritual movement with the same name, launched in 1943 by Sandu Tudor at Antim Monastery, Romania. The icon ”The Burning Bush of Virgin Mary” brought to Antim by the monk Ioan Kulîghin, was almost always present at the group’s meetings, being the embodiment of the passion for knowledge and divine experience. A sign of the appearance of the sacred among secular things, the image of the Virgin Mary in the middle of the burning bush which does not destroy, but brings to salvation, is re-used in contemporary iconography, in works ylddfsdnfwhich confesconfesss the same passion for the heavenly Country.

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О градитељима православних цркава у Босни и Херцеговини у вријеме аустро-угарске управе

Author(s): Ljiljana Ševo / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

Even though between 1878 and 1914 more than two hundred Orthodox churches were constructed or rebuilt in Bosnia and Herzegovina, today we know only around twenty names of their architects. As opposed to the Catholic churches, whose projects were entrusted to prominent architects of the Provincial government, usually to Josip Vancaš, for the construction of Orthodox temples they were employed only occasionally – Johan Kellner and Josef Czerny for the building of the Seminary in Reljevo1883-1884, Josef Czerny for the church in Reljevo 1886, August Butsch for the church in Blažuj 1897, and Rudolf Tönnies for the facade of the Metropolitan headquarters in 1898.Some churches were built according to the prototype projects of anonymous engineers of the Austro-Hungarian administration. Even when they were recorded, the names of the architects of Orthodox churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina which were built during this period, offer scarce information to the modern researcher, since they are not found elsewhere in other sources. It is probable that these were capable local builders, and only in two cases it is recorded that they were Serb engineers. It is considered that the church in Pale was built according to the project of the famous painter Lazar Drljača, and the similarity of this church with those in Maglaj, Gornji Dragaljevac and Gornje Zabrđe lead to the conclusion that they were also built according to Drljača’s plan.

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Sacrum i łzy. Fenomen płaczących ikon w wyobrażeniach religijnych w prawosławiu (wybrane zagadnienia)

Author(s): Ewa Kocój / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

This article analyzes selected issues related to the phenomenon of the so-called weeping icons in Orthodoxy from the perspective of cultural anthropology. In this part it portrays the regions of the Orthodox world that host the weeping icons, as well as the main themes and motifs associated with the subject of the “weeping persons” on icons (Mother of God, Christ, saints, monks and politicians), hierotopy and the time of weeping. The research carried out while interpreting the beliefs related to the origin of weeping, presents their historical consistency in the collective memory of Orthodoxy, as well as its contemporary transformation. The study involves qualitative methods of research. Selected examples of weeping icons in historical and ethnographic sources from various ages and Orthodox countries were subjected to comparative analysis. Contemporary beliefs referring to weeping icons were also exposed to qualitative research – I conducted interviews with the Orthodox Church believers as well as residents of the places hosting weeping icons (Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Eastern Slovakia) and engaged in participant observation (Greece and Macedonia). The research also included internet research – the narration of the new media on weeping icons was analyzed, including blogs and web portals. The analysis employed the use of interpretivist paradigm facilitating the research of hidden meanings and cultural codes connected to the representations of Orthodox believers on the weeping icons.

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Bulgar Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşu, Ortodoks Unsurları, Gelişimi ve Türklerin Ötekileştirilmesi

Author(s): Nuri Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2017

Being a multi-ethnic Empire turned Ottoman territories in the Balkans a target of nationalism. After being established as a small Principality as a result of the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War, Bulgaria, became a threat to the Ottoman presence in the Balkans. The creation process of Modern Bulgarian nationalism and its priorities, affected negatively relations between Bulgarians and Turks, and two communities that were having centuries long peaceful co-existence found themselves among conflicts and wars. The rise and progress of Bulgarian nationalism followed parallel path with the success of the process “creating the other”. By studying Bulgarian nationalism historically and not seeing it only as a contemporary phenomenon, this work examines the way how new national borders were created in Bulgaria and to which extent the Turks were made as others during Bulgarian national resurgence. Focusing on different markers of identity such as language, religion and culture gives the possiblity to understand how the Turks were excluded from the nation building process in Bulgaria.

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The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Code of Canon Law

Author(s): Stanislav Přibyl / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

While the Code of Canon Law of 1917 was promulgated at a time when the social doctrine of the Church was still in the process of formulation, the new Code of 1983 comes after Vatican II and after the publication of the major documents of the social doctrine of the Church. The Code obliges all faithful to take their share of responsibility for the social issues in the world and the Church itself to provide social benefits to its employees following the standards found in the social doctrine of the Church. The Code also reflects the principle of subsidiarity whose classical definition is given in the encyclical „Quadragesimo Anno” of Pius XI (1931). This is reflected in the attitude towards the family and the education of children, towards the role of the lay faithful and their associations or in relation to the use of media of mass communication. The Council also enriched the doctrine on the supreme authority of the Church by emphasizing the role of the College of Bishops, which is reflected in the Code of Canon Law both in the generally formulated programmatic norm, but also in the regulation of the dispensational authority, which is now performed mainly by the bishops. The Pope is reserved to deal only with the gravest matters. The specifics of the constitutional framework of the Eastern churches show that the principle of synodality, which has been so typical for them is also remarkably in accordance with the requirement to implement subsidiarity within the Church itself.

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