Around the Bloc: Georgia Reeling Under Sex-Tape Scandal
YouTube upload of adulterous opposition politician was the first of several compromising videos to appear.
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YouTube upload of adulterous opposition politician was the first of several compromising videos to appear.
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as a local saint of Olonets and Petrozavodsk metropole. Special attention is paid to the letter written by Peter the Great in 1724 to the member of the provincial court of justice Mr. Muravjev. It contained a decree on the destiny of Faddei the Blessed. The analysis of the document helped to reveal essencial details on the history of relationships between the Russian Tsar and the Saint of Petrozavodsk.
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Ilinskiy Pogost located in Vodlozero is regarded as a special asset in the spiritual space of the Russian North. It is located on the so to say watershed – not a geographical divide, but a cultural and historical ridge. It absorbs both types of influence: the western (Zaonezhie) and the eastern (Poonezhe) ones and synthesizes them both. The Church of the prophet St. Elijah (1798) has a cubical covering, which is characteristic of the architectural tradition applied in the structures erected on the shores of the lake Onega. Long before that time, the Small Colgostrov had a tent-shape church – a wide range of such architectural structures can be found on the shores of Onega Lake. The main temple icon was executed by Ignatius Panteleyev in 1647. The Church was rebuilt several times, nevertheless, with all certainty, we can ascertain that in the period of 1708–1798 the image of “The Fiery Ascent of the Prophet Eli-jah” was exhibited inside the tent-shape church: verticalism specified by the semantics of the icon was supported and amplified by the dynamics of the octagonal tapering toward the Zenith of the coating. Such architectural solution incited doubled spiritual craving. This vector – aspiration to the sky – can be traced in the folklore material collected directly on the site. An attempt to restore the ho-listic context of the cult accomponing the prophet Elijah in Vodlozero is described in the article. The research also includs the study of Christian realities and pagan reminiscences associated with the worship of Perun. The aspiration toward sublime and heavenly is the most important intention of the local folk culture.
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Personal diaries of the Russian Guard officer V. S. Savonko, which were recently acquired by the Department of manuscripts of NLR, are a valuable source for the study of the history of the Russian Guard officers and especially for the history of pre-revolutionary era. To assess the value of the obtained historical source properly the system of officers’ training, developed in the strongest armies of Europe (Russian, German, French, Austro-Hungarian) by the end of the XIX century, was analyzed. The study of this issue has led the author to a conclusion that in all European armies the officer corps always enjoyed a status of an elite club. In different countries the barriers, preventing infiltration into the officers' environment for the people from lower social classes, had diverse execution tools, but they all acted equally effective. The barriers consisted of such measures as legislated class privileges, high tuition fees in military schools, long-term training, unspoken filtrations of applicants, selection of candidates for particular officers’ regiments, high living standards’ requirements for officers. The need to provide a sufficient amount of trained officers for the army led to the social stratification in the officers’ ranks, their identification, and further development of the more or less privileged groups. In addition, the armed forces of different countries were vested with the responsibility to perform the role of a nursery (especially in Russia) assistive in cultural and educational development, which meant assignment of additional missions.
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The article is concerned with the main milestones in the life of the Archbishop Ignite (Semyonov Matvey Afanasievich; 1790/91–1850). He was born in Arkhangelsk province. His spiritual ministry took place in Arkhangelsk, St Petersburg, Novgorod, Petroza-vodsk, Novocherkassk, and Voronezh. Upon his Episcopal ordination, Ignaty successively headed three dioceses: newly established Olonets diocese, Don and Novocherkassk diocese, Voronezh and Zadonsk diocese. The article provides analysis of the Archbishop’s activities in Petrozavodsk and Voronezh. The anti-cholera measures undertaken by the Archbishop in Karelia and Voronezh province are described. Special attention is paid to the library collected by the minister. The content of one of the latest books written by Ignaty is discussed. The book was published in 1848.
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The article is concerned with the problem of military maintenance and munitioning of the Vyborg garrison. The challenge became essential in the early XVIII century (from the autumn of 1710 to the summer of 1712, when Vyborg was no longer an outpost and a reference point for further offensive operations) right after the capture of the Vyborg’s fortress by Russian troops. The results of the research are based on the study of special sources: multiple reports written by the Vyborg Commandant G. P. Chernyshev and the St. Petersburg Chief Commandant R. V. Bruce to the Governor of Ingeria A. D. Menshikov and archival correspondence of other officials involved in the solution of this problem. Difficulties with the fortress maintenance and food provision were conditioned by the severe climate conditions as well as by the fact that the Swedish army and navy tried to block Vyborg. Nevertheless, the problem of Vyborg’s supply and maintenance was solved successfully.
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The main principles and thesis statements of Ferdinand Lassalle’s juridical works are described in the article. In his work the “System of acquired rights” the author tries to justify legitimacy of revolutions, which are considered a process of the citizens’ rights “cancel and purchase”. In his speeches of the midst of the constitutional conflict (1862), Lassalle spoke of the essence of constitutions. He also argued that it was the state institutions with real power that developed legal regulations. The objective of parliamentarians is to defend the interests of the people. This goal inherent to the Parliament turns this institution into a real political force to be considered by both the royalty and the government.
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The basic models of the epithet and substantive compatibility within the frames of the epithet complex (adjective + substantive – determined word) used in the works of M. Tsvetaeva are characterized. The anthropocentrism of both components of the epiphrase is highlighted; the main types of metaphoric and metonymic directions in the epithet constructions are determined; uniqueness of the poet’s logic when dealing with epithets’ selection is emphasized; the trends of poetic language search are accentuated. On the basis of semantic criteria a special classification typology of the adjective and substantive groups is presented. The research results are based on the use of both semantic and statistical methods of linguistic analysis, as well as on the author’s interpretation of linguistic facts inherent to M. Tsvetaeva’s style. As it was shown in the analysis, uniqueness of M. Tsvetaeva’s language is characterized by the wide employment of epithets, by the description of the world realities from the standpoint of a person, of an emotional person.
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Tanks, World of Warcraft showed that every fifth nickname is derived from a “strange” or a precedent proper name. This method of nominal modeling is a nominal transposition – a transfer of the name from one denotatum to another one. There are two main ways of nominal transposition. The first one is transanthroponimisation, which is understood as a transfer of the personal or fam-ily name from one individual to another. The following anthroponyms are used as nicknames: the names of musicians, athletes, politicians, book and film characters, etc. An essential requirement for transanthroponimisation between two denotata is based on the principle of their similarity and proximity. The second method of the nominal transposition (which is not as widely used as the first one) is transonymisation. It is a transition of the proper noun from one class to another. These self-nominations also have references to real and unreal denotata. Such nicknames are produced from the names of different brands, cars, cities, mythonimic marks, etc. The research has proved that the nominal transposition is a highly demanded type of self-nomination in the German-speaking web space. These nicknames have significant illocutionary content and connotations; they also characterize their author directly or indirectly.
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The local climate conditions and characteristic features of Kostroma lowland soils created favorable conditions for the growth and cultivation of hop, which was widely practiced by the settlers from Miskovskaya district of Kostroma county. The types of ownership on the lands occupied by hop plants were different; therefore, different names were given to these plots: khmelniki (a common name) and nadelnye khmelniki (khmelniki - the lands given to some peasant families to use). In order to regulate taxation, the peasants working on the hop cultivated lands agreed on the local system of area measurement, which resulted in the appearance of such terms as kopeyka, denezhka, polushka, pirog, roubl, etс. The lands of corresponding areas, where hop was cultivated, had the same names. The differences in terms within a single cultural landscape connected to the land area are shown on the example of the lexeme kopeyka. In the middle of the XIX century, kopeyka as a measure of the plot “khmelniki” was divided into denezhka and polushka, pirog and polupirog. Other agricultural lands, also involved in hop cultivation and harvesting, were referred to by the same names. By the beginning of the XX century the repertory of the names changed. In the article, the author’s special attention is paid to the words beginning with the pol/ polu prefixes. According to our observations, prefixes of these words have “measure” semantics with the meaning – ‘a half of something’: polkopeyki is ‘a half of kopeyka’, polupirog is ‘a half of pirog’. The terms considered in the article have isoglosses, but their geography is limited by the boundaries of Kostroma lowland cultural landscape. Appearance of these terms in the speech of local residents and their repertory is associated with the local economy and its specific features.
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In the second half of the XVII century, the confessional discourse of the Russian Orthodox Church was focused on multiple linguistic problems associated with translation of liturgical tests. In the linguistic discussion of the Moscow Rus scholars, special attention was paid to the interpretation of preterits: perfective and imperfective forms. The followers of Nickon’s school accentuated their emphasis on the paradigmatic distribution of the verb forms and referred to the Old Church Slavonic grammar. Traditionalists, on the other hand, insisted on the semantic differences inherent to preterits. The verb forms’ distribution in the works written by protopope Avvakum is coordinated with the Old Believers grammar, in which imperfective forms counterpose perfective forms as “sacred” times counterpose “secular” times.
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The history of relationship between two close literary circles of Slavophils and Pochvennics is studied in the article. The similarity and differences between these ideological directions are exemplified through one important episode, which is associated with refer-ences to the works executed by N. S. Sohanskaya (Kohanovskaya). The main representative of Slavophils S. Aksakov criticized “Vremya”, a periodical of brothers Dostoevsky, for its anonymous article “On the phenomenon of contemporary literature ignored by our critics. Mrs. Kohanovskaya and her novelettes”. This article repeated many of the Slavophils’ ideas but did not include any refer-ences to the reviews of Kohanovskaya’s works, which were published earlier in the Slavophils’ periodical “Russkaya Beseda”. One publication written by an anonymous author is compared to the article of N. P. Gilyarov-Platonov, who was close to Slavophils. His work was titled “On the new narrative written by Mrs. Kohanovskaya ″From a provincial gallery of portraits″”. Both articles pointed to the similarity of the works written by Kohanovskaya to the oeuvre of S. T. Aksakov and underlined their positive penchant. Be-sides, one of the journalists from the periodical “Vremya” criticized an article about S. T. Aksakov in the “Encyclopedic dictionary composed by the Russian scientists and literary men” (St. Petersburg, 1861). N. M. Pavlov’s article about Kohanovskaya appeared in Aksakov’s newspaper “Den”. Pavlov, in his turn, did not respond to the publication in the periodical “Vremya”, albite the similarity in positions of Slavophils and Pochvennic. This similarity becomes evident upon reading the article written by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Later, I. S. Aksakov in his obituary on the death of Kohanovskaya reminisced about “a remarkable article” written in her honor and published in Dostoevsky’s periodical “Vremya”.
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In search of the origin of urban fantasy the author refers to the Russian literature of the XIX century. The object of our analysis is the novel “Brownie’s Notes” (1835) written by O. I. Senkovsky. The following features of the genre were highlighted: concentration of actions in the context of urban space, reflection on the theme of death and underworld characters, centralization on the inner world of the protagonist and his spiritual experience, employment of oneiric motives. Different folklore characters appear in the text – devils, brownies, the dead. Poetics of the novel, by virtue of its genre rules, shows that representatives of the supernatural world are im-measurably stronger than human beings. Even when human beings defeat them in a particular situation, this victory is temporary. Satirical orientation of the novel and its adherence to the culturally traditional folk humor show that by genre the story can be also characterized as humorous fantasy.
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The novel “A razor’s edge” written by the famous Soviet writer I. A. Efremov had two editions issued in 1963 and in 1964. The ma-jority of subsequent editions, including both of the complete works (1988 and 1992), are guided by the edition of 1964. This article is focused on the comparison of these editions, identification, and systematization of their different interpretations. The research revealed 153 alterations of the author’s original text. The identified changes in spelling and punctuation are viewed as insignificant. The most interesting changes are associated with censorship editing, which addressed such issues as genders’ relations, references to Stalin’s repressions, and data on the weaponry and chemical substances’ proliferation. All changes were classified into 12 groups, including one unnoticed typographical error, which appeared in the second edition. The above mentioned classified groups were studied; all provided examples of the author's and editorial editing were analyzed; the possible motives for these changes were also investigated.
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The process of acquainting French readers with the works written by Anton Chekhov is described in the article. The goal of this research was to determine the extent to which Russian immigrants were involved into the process. An extended period from 1893, when a few works of the writer were translated for the first time, to the 1950s, when the writer’s popularity in France reached its peak, is examined. This article focuses on the 1920–1930s, the time period when Chekhov’s works were actively popularized by the representatives of the so-called first wave emigrants (for them Chekhov’s figure had a special significance). The article analyzes the work The influence of French literature on Russian writers since 1900 (1929) written by an emigrant literary and a theater critic Y. Sazonova. The report was presented at the second meeting of the Franco-Russian Studio where special attention was paid to the works of A. P. Chekhov. Some specific aspects of the author’s biography A Life of Chekhov (1939), which was written by the emi-grant writer Irene Nemirovsky, are also studied in the article. Initially this biography was addressed to the French reader. It has not been previously studied by Russian researchers.
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The work “Mythological library”, written by Apollodorus and later translated from French by Clavier, acquainted V. A. Zhukovsky with ancient mythology in 1805–1811. While reading the book, V. A. Zhukovsky made a series of notes and wrote a few comments to the plots he found interesting. There were the myths about Oedipus, Kretheus and Tyro, Amythaon and Idomena, Bias and Pero, Talaos and Lisimache. These mythological plots, unconventional by nature and similar to Zhukovsky’s biography, are described in the article. V. A. Zhukovsky’s emersion into the texts of “Mythological library” chronologically corresponds with the development of the ballad genre in his works. It is considered that by genre the written plots of that period were close to ballads. This approach was also shared by V. A. Zhukovsky. The myths introduced both diverse and contradictory understanding of the world.
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