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Sport was a field in which the political and social issues of the communist regime were reflected. Thus, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 also had an impact on the sports environment even in Romania. With a large Hungarian ethnic community, Romania sought to send a signal regarding the attempt of Hungarian citizens to overthrow the communist regime. Such a case, seemingly arising out of nothing, was about to escalate dramatically. In the summer of 1958, on the cover of the “Stadion” magazine, the Romanian athlete of Hungarian ethnicity, Zoltán Szabó, appeared in white attire with vertical red, white, and green colors instead of blue, yellow, and red. It was a technical printing limitation of the magazine, but in the context of the time, it was perceived as an act of betrayal by Max Bănuş, the secretary-general of the magazine. From here, an almost unbelievable case erupted, at the end of which the journalist was sentenced to eight years in prison. The article reconstructs this case using the memoirs of the former journalist, as well as the files compiled by the communist authorities to condemn Max Bănuş.
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The town’s characteristics as an educational hub in the Székely Land contributed to the establishment and flourishing of various branches of physical exercise and sports. The various sports societies, associations, and later clubs were always dependent on the prevailing political regime and the economic situation. Székelyudvarhely/Odorheiu Secuiesc has fostered nationally renowned teams and athletes in multiple sports, with the city being the birthplace of Olympians and world champions in various disciplines. The outstanding sports disciplines with a rich history include handball and football, alongside table tennis and indoor football, which has been in the country’s premier league for two decades. In addition to these, the city’s natives have excelled in several winter sports, and bowling can also be considered traditional in Székelyudvarhely. Yet perhaps the precursor of every sport practiced in the city dates back to the gymnastic festivals of a hundred years ago and physical education at schools.
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Purpose - To examine the intention of individuals who do sports to receive fitness food service, an innovation, and the factors affecting this intention. Design/methodology/approach - A model was created based on Rogers' perceived innovation characteristics. Using the questionnaire, data were collected from 450 people who did sports in gyms. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings - It has been observed that the relative advantage, convenience and observability of getting fitness food service affect the attitude towards the behaviour positively and significantly. In addition, it was seen that the attitude towards the behaviour positively and significantly affected the intention. Discussion - It has been observed that individuals who do sports have a positive approach towards getting fit food services, and suggestions have been made for businesses and the sector regarding the features that are effective. It is thought that individuals who do sports will prefer more with the increase in the number and awareness of businesses providing this service.
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Entertainment, which consists of various activities that people do to spend their free time in an enjoyable way, varies according to ages and societies. Games and entertainments are important elements of cultural history, especially in terms of reflecting the lifestyle, religious-moral and traditional structures of the people from which they originate. It is known that during the Mughal period, which is considered the “Golden Age of the Turks in India”, Turkish-Indo-Iranian and Muslim-Hindu traditions lived together in Indian lands. Therefore, it has become inevitable for there to be interaction between these societies in both administration and social life. Because of this situation, there are amusements and games among the examples that reflect this situation. In this study, the games played in the palaces of the Baburids, who lived on the territory of India, and the activities they did for the amusement they organized will be discussed. Our study is based on the analysis of the main sources and research works of the period. In addition to examining these main sources, Vekayi Babur’s Memoirs (Babürnâme), Ekbenâme (Ayin-i Ekberî), Müntehâbü’t Tevârîh, the notes of travelers such as Manucci and Pelseart were reviewed and the data obtained from these were blended with the information in the research works and transferred to the text. In our study, firstly the amusements and games in the old Turkish states will be mentioned, then the games played by the Baburid palace people and their amusement activities will be examined. In the conclusion part, it will be emphasized how much the Baburid palace people were under the influence of the geography they ruled in their games and amusements in the palace or to what extent they continued the Turkish traditions.
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In this study, the birth of volleyball in Turkey and its development in Atatürk period, which was invented by William George Morgan, who worked as a physical education teacher at Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in the USA, was discussed. Answers were sought to questions such as when, and among whom volleyball was played for the first time in Turkey. In addition, the activities of the YMCA, which increased its effectiveness in the country after the Armistice period, were mentioned in the process of spreading this sport. In this context, it was tried to reveal how volleyball developed with the summer camps organized by the association from 1919 to about 1930, and progressed through the leagues established by the society and the competitions that started at the school level, as well as the matches between the clubs. It was explained how volleyball, which initially developed as a school sport, became more popular in the country with the Istanbul Volleyball leagues organized by the YMCA and later by the Turkish Training Association Alliance. In the study, copyrighted works related to the history of sports and press materials of the period were the main reference sources. Because the scope of the study was in a wide range of dates, the development of volleyball in Istanbul was mainly examined.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of freedom perceived by FIFA 2022 World Cup spectators during their free time. This quantitative study utilized the cross-sectional model. The working group was comprised of 408 individuals, including 229 men and 179 women, who traveled from Turkey to Qatar in order to observe the FIFA 2022 World Cup. The "Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale" comprised of two sub dimensions and 17 items was used as a measuring instrument. The obtained data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests, and non-parametric MannWhitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were conducted because the data did not satisfy normality conditions. The obtained results were evaluated at a significance level of 0.05. Significant differences emerged in the variable perceived leisure freedom in knowledge and skills sub dimensions according to gender and participation in social activities. There was a significant difference in the sub dimension of excitement and fun based on the age variable.
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The participation of individuals with special needs in performance sports has been increasing from past to present. As in athletes with normal development, stages are planned and implemented in accordance with the goals of high-level performance sports. This study aims to determine the functional threshold power (FTP), VO2max and anaerobic threshold values of a cyclist with special needs to create performance prediction for athletes in similar disability groups. Fırat Uğur, a 26-year-old athlete with special needs who has been participating in cycling competitions for three years and has a body weight of 68 kg and a height of 180.5 cm, participated in the current study. In the findings obtained from the study, the normalized power value of the athlete was found as 204.3 watts, the FTP value as 204.3 watts and the relative power value as 3.00 watts / kg. The athlete's VO2max value was 48.3 ml/kg/min; VO2max load was 298 watts, and VO2max heart rate was 175 beats/min, anaerobic threshold VO2 value was 24.7 ml/kg/min, anaerobic threshold load was 103 watts and anaerobic threshold heart rate was 127 beats/min. When the research findings of the cyclists with special needs were compared with the results obtained from the current study, Fırat Uğur's findings were at lower levels. Considering that the athlete has only participated in competitions as a performance athlete for three years, it can be predicted that he will increase his performance level in the following years. It is recommended that the athlete's training be prepared according to the findings obtained and that the performance development be followed with measurements to be made at regular intervals
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Review of: Ergun Hiçyılmaz: Niçin Kitlesiz Spor Değil?, Süreç Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı/Temmuz 1984, 61.
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Athletic performance is affected by numerous factors such as genetic makeup, environmental factors, and psychological factors. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of fine motor skills and BMI on athletic performance of college students. The sample for this study consisted of 31 students (mean age 19 years, SD- 1.1 year; 7 females, 24 males) recruited from the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Sarajevo. The students were given Purdue Pegboard test of motor skills and Test of Athletic performance consisting of 8 tests: sprint running, high/low start, relay running, hurdle racing, high jump, long jump, shot put, and javelin throw. We assessed the impact of their BMI and fine motor skills on the Athletic performance. The results revealed a statistically significant effect of fine motor skills and BMI on Athletic performance. More specifically, these two factors explained around 30% of the variance in Athletic performance. These findings could be beneficial for designing more effective training programs that not only focus on general physical fitness but also consider the role of fine motor skills and body composition in improving overall athletic performance.
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Biti četvrti: šampioni bez olimpijske medalje, Predrag Bajić (sa studentima FZS), Fakultet za sport Univerziteta Union: Beograd, 2021.
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Lifelong habits in the form of regularly engaging in physical activity, creating healthy lifestyles and eating habits are formed during the most turbulent and very dynamic period of individual development. The formation of such habits, at a younger age, ensures positive effects on human health at an older age, and indirectly affects, positively, society as a whole. In the context of creating lifelong habits, we encounter the meaning of the term "physical literacy". Physical literacy is a relatively new and still not so accepted term in our country. And it refers to the ability to move (movement) in a wide range of physical activities in different conditions that benefit healthy personality development as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This paper presents different concepts of "physical literacy", their applicability and place in the educational systems of our and other countries, as well as the importance and role of the Physical Education and Sports curriculum in the development of a "physically literate" person through the development of their physical competencies.
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The aim of the research was to determine the impact of physical exercise on: 1. abi-lities measured by FMS tests, 2. the impact of physical status on the mental health of middle-aged people and 3. body composition. The research used a quasiexperimental design (test-retest). 20 respondents (11 men and 9 women) were included in this paper. The average age of the respondents is 52.3 years, average body height 169.4 cm, average body weight 78.62 kg. All respondents live in the territory of the United Arab Emirates, where they are physically minimally active or completely inactive. Body impedance (InBody120), FMS device and survey questionnaire were used in the research. Descriptive statistics and T-test were used for data processing. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the variables that were measured at the beginning and after the application of the defined exercise program (test-retest), in the variable point score-FMS test (p = 0.000) and in the satisfaction questionnaire (p < 0.05). However, the exercise program had no effect on body com-position because it focused on trunk mobility and stabilization exercises.
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The paper deals with the introduction of VAR (Video Assistant Referee) as a technical aid for the purpose of minimizing refereeing mistakes and errors. The research in the paper includes the definition of VAR and the observations of various experts, scientists and survey participants. The goal of the research is to determine the influence of VAR on the audience, media and quality of the media coverage of football. The paper provides five hypotheses. The first one implies that VAR makes journalists and media more critical of refereeing mistakes. The second one entails that the introduction of the VAR technology has increased the trust in referees. The third hypothesis suggests that VAR has a negative effect on football as a game as well as on the emotions of spectators and fans. The fourth one relies on the fact that the application of VAR is still in the development stage and the last one presupposes that football is still more prone, despite the application of VAR, to discussions about refereeing decisions than other sports. In order to support the above hypotheses, a survey was conducted. The content analysis is based on the quantitative method, though some elements of the qualitative method have also been used. The discussion has generated the elements which confirm the set hypotheses. The concluding considerations indicate the need to proceed with the use and development of IT technology in sports as well as with related research.
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The industry of sports has become one of the most profitable global industries and live broadcasting of sports events has proved to be the most wanted TV programme. There was a time of linear TV emissions, when the contents used to be available exclusively on TV sets, for free, live and only on official national emitter programmes, while nowadays these contents are followed by the viewers via all available platforms and devices, quite frequently for certain additional fee. Sport broadcasting has become globally available at any moment and at any place, both live and delayed, and licence rights are the mighty instrument in the media game. The development of technology and overall media industry is directly linked to the development of the industry of sports through technological advances regarding content placement, the development of new business models and marketing placement. Due to possible budget limitations, exorbitant prices of licence rights concerning the broadcasting of international sports events and the legislation not protecting our national interest in terms of the contents available free of charge to all the citizens, public media services are rather often likely to lose in this race to specialised sports channels whose baseline business models are founded on none other than live broadcast. The research will be conducted using the methods of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method.
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Starting from the fact that journalism in Serbia is a reflection of the times we live in, as well as the fact that the domestic scene is overloaded with tabloid discourse and the clientelistic role of the media instead of one that includes the media role as a corrective mechanism of society, it is clear what challenges many representatives of this profession to face in daily work. That dominant image shapes and broadens the attitude in society about this profession, that is, a stereotypical view that thus undeservedly includes numerous representatives who adhere to ethical standards. Therefore, as part of the journalist's guild, the media and media workers who focus on sports live in such an environment as a particularly prominent segment of society through which many others permeate, such as politics, economy, crime, etc. On the other hand, the fact is that technological changes have led to a much larger quantity, namely the possibility of a significant expansion of the body of journalists, including those specialized in sports, and therefore to increased interest in that profession, bearing in mind the rapid growth of the number of media newsrooms in general, as well as special sports newsrooms. This paper aims to form a kind of cross-section of the current situation through a series of attitudes measured on a Likert scale, videlicet insights into how, bearing in mind everything previously said, students of sports journalism in Serbia, as a specific segment of journalism, see this profession today and in the future, their place in that profession, as well as sports and media in general.
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Given that we live in a very stressful time, it is clear that modern man needs rest and peace in order to restore the necessary energy. That energy is the key to success for normal functioning. Rural destinations are precisely such "oases of peace" where it is possible to return to traditional values and nature, as a healthy lifestyle prerequisites. Even more, rural destinations enable the exercise of sports and recreational activities. The paper started from the hypothesis that sports and recreation are the best prevention of anxiety and stress, and that rural destinations are in themselves an environment that contributes to betterment. A survey was conducted among 317 tourists of the rural destination of Vrdnik, and the results showed that tourists enjoy sports and recreational activities and that they are the "best medicine" in the fight against stress.
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Operational managers in sports are a key link in the management team and in their independent programs they plan, organize, predict and control the athletes and the team, as well as implement appropriate strategies to beat the competition and achieve good results. They manage the most important resources - the athletes and carry out personnel policy over them by way of selection, elections, determining the tasks and roles of the players in the team and are the main motivators of the athletes. We conducted a survey of a sample of 20 respondents, operational managers - coaches from the Macedonian football league, in order to determine the attitudes and opinions about their role and influence on the motivation of athletes in sports clubs. For the research, we used a survey questionnaire as a measuring instrument. After analyzing the survey questionnaire, we came to the conclusion that: - Spreading the vision, mission and goals in a sports club is the responsibility of the operational manager, where the majority of respondents believe that, apart from them, these characteristics should be possessed and implemented by every member of the management team. - The majority of the clubs and operational managers as an integral part of them, pay great attention to the motivation, to maintain it at a high level among all the athletes and the team as a team, which they consider to be a key factor for achieving the set goals. - Various motivational speeches, messages and awards in the form of finances from the management are considered part of the motivation in order to maintain it at the highest level, which are part of the external motivation, and the internal one has the key role for every single athlete. - In sports clubs where there are sufficient financial resources, operational managers try to maintain motivation with a sports psychologist, who will additionally motivate them through various methods, all with the aim of preventing monotony from occurring, which can lead to various unwanted decisions in athletes.
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Sport and tourism individually and with each other have become important economic activities of each country. In the past, the rest and peace of tourists were primary, and today health and active, recreational holidays have taken precedence in the justification of tourist requirements and movements. There is a noticeable trend of abandoning the concept of "mass consumption" and "mass tourism" because this type of spending on products and services does not meet the needs of modern consumers. Today favors selective forms of tourism: isolated, health, sports and recreation, rural, agritourism, business and all other forms of tourism, which are a combination with nature and return to nature, and benefit from improving, preserving human health and increasing quality of life. By satisfying the needs of modern tourists, through sports and recreational facilities, the number of tourist arrivals will increase, higher employment will be achieved, entrepreneurship will be activated and higher incomes will be generated.
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Regarding the fact that skiing is the most popular winter sport in Europe, the aim of the paper was to analyse the main determinants of service quality in ski tourism. When defining the research process, it was noted that literature review has recognised significant studies dealing with the concept of ski tourism from different aspects such as tourist motivation to travel, ski tourism sustainability and clime change, marketing strategies or ski tourism infrastructure. However, there is a certain research gap in exploring the determinants of service quality in winter sports. Therefore, the main research question in this paper is to identify the significant factors that influence the service quality in ski tourism and affect tourist satisfaction levels. The research is based on a sample of 157 recreational skiers who visited the Republic of Serbia during winter seasons in years 2022 and 2023. In the interpretation and processing of data, descriptive statistics and t test were used. The findings indicated the diversity of ski tracks, landscape, nature and hospitality as the most significant determinants of service quality in ski tourism.
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