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In the first part of the paper, the authoresses consider the importance of the sociology of sport as a special sociological discipline and general education subject for the education of future professors of physical education and coaches. In this part of the paper will be considered the thematic units that are being studied within the sociology of sport as an obligatory subject at the faculties in the Republic of Serbia and some countries of the region. Special attention will be paid to the sociology of sport that is being studied as an obligatory subject in the first year of basic academic studies and at the second year of professional studies at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade. In the second part of the paper, the authorsesses expose the answers of the first year students of the basic academic studies and the second year students of professional studies at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade regarding the perception of the importance of studying sociology of sport as a special sociological discipline and general education subject.
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The values promoted by sport (fair play, integrity and respect for others) can be undermined by practicing illegal, national / international practices, as well as by arranging matches. One of the basic principles of sports law is the prohibition of illegal influence on official results obtained in large-scale competitions. According to the Council of Europe "arranging matches is a threat to contemporary sport", as the phenomenon can usually attract large criminal networks with negative, major implications on sports entities, supporters, fans and athletes. In July 2014, the Council of Europe adopted the Convention on the manipulation of sports competitions being open for signature to the European countries, as well as to those outside it (Republic of Moldova being the 22nd state to concede this document). This treaty has the mission to prevent, identify and apply sanctions to those who violate the discipline in this regard and who proceed to manipulate the official sports results. In this context, there is a need for close collaboration between the public authorities, those responsible for organizing international sports competitions, in order to prevent undermining sports values and official results by arranging matches.
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Since the end of the 19th century, three combat sports – Boxing, Muay Thai, and mixed Martial Arts (MMA) – while different from the point of view of their respective regulatory frameworks and of their technical specificities, have alternately become the target of analogous waves of criticisms, even of “moral crusades.” These are a product of converging discourses of stigmatization coming from policy-makers, from sport managers, as well as from journalists. In arecurrent way, these activities have been accused of being extremely brutal and contrary to the values of sport, and, more so, of degrading human dignity. Formerly deemed to be illegitimate and immoral, Boxing and Thai boxing have been, however, each in its turn, progressively accepted in society, recognized as sports disciplines, and considered as having educational potential. Nowadays, diatribes mainly focus on MMA. The objectives of this contribution consisted of specifying the socio-historical circumstances of these denigration campaigns against combat sports, between permanence of criticism and periodic reconfigurations of the targets, as well as understanding the social factors underpinning this. In this respect, we formulated the hypothesis that the successive focus of condemnations on these three disciplines could be understood at the interface of an effect of social stigmatization of their participants coming from the most marginalized social backgrounds and of the necessity to define, in a context of axiological crisis, a consensual standard of moral monstrosity.
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Depending on historical periods and individual perspectives, fencing has been defined in various ways. Indeed, fencing has been regarded as an art, and/or a science, and/or a sport, and/or a game. This paper shows that those various attempts to define fencing throughout history are strategies aiming to conceal the founding violence of fencing (although these strategies do not prevent the emergence of further forms of violence). The study demonstrates that these strategies pertain to semantics, to regulation and codification of fencing, and to more recent phenomena which are linked to the deterritorialization of the practice of fencing.
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The thesis of this paper is that games and sports that harm nonhuman animals are unethical because they exceed the permissible limits of optional harm and the more harm the game imposes on the nonhuman animal(s) it objectifies the worse the ethical transgression. Factors in the analysis include the nature of games and sports, the ontology of beings (i.e., human and non-human animals) in games, the mitigating power of informed consent among human game-players and its absence among nonhuman game players, harm, and intent.
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Essay on the relationship between sports and proletarian culture, as represented in the Hungarian filmmaking of the 1950’s.
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In this article, the author tries to shed light on the character of one of the best football players in the history of Gračanica, providing basic data from his sport biography which are not emphasized here. An attempt is made to give a picture of the personality as it remained in the memory and formed in the consciousness of the author as a boy who observed one great sports career during that time with his own eyes and understood it in that specific way. In the background of this lyrically imbued text, one can see the contours and general social ambience and provincial life in the early 1960s, as well as feel a dose of sadness and nostalgia for a famous fellow citizen who is no more.
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Despite the prevalent ethos of amateurism, the spread of modern “human sports” in Hungary took on legal financial aspects from the very beginning: clubs charged high membership fees, and the use of equipment and of the grounds was extra. This situation, specifically the scale of participation, was transformed by the unprecedented popularity of football, a sport which was able to draw masses as both players and spectators, and with which the spectators could easily identify. Millenáris, the football grounds which had the largest capacity at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the successful team of the Athletic Club of Ferencváros (Ferencvárosi Torna Club – FTC) benefitted a great deal out of the growing number of games and spectators. FTC capitalised on its popularity by building their own arena designed for 25000 spectators. The plot was financed by the people of Budapest, the building costs were secured by a corporation of Ferencváros residents and bank loans. The corporate archives reveal that the newly built stadium on Üllői street generated enough revenues to pay dividends after the first year of operation in 1911, which greatly surpassed the profits of the stadium of the Hungarian Society of Physical Training (Magyar Testgyakorlók Köre – MTK) on Hungária street, inaugurated in 1912. The MTK stadium was also financed by corporate funds and bank loans but was a more ambitious project with a much higher budget. This stadium was able to close its first successful business year only after the First World War when its team dominated the Hungarian football scene. The increasingly venomous business rivalry between the Millenáris, and the stadiums of FTC and MTK greatly affected the game itself, which attests to a mutual dependency between the world of football and business even before the First World War.
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The paper describes two books containing accounts on participation in the International Gordon Bennett Cup ballooning race: “Kościuszko” nad Ameryką [“Kościuszko” above America] by Zbigniew Burzyński (1934) and Balonem “LOPP” nad Morze Białe [Above the White Sea in the “LOPP” balloon] by Stanisław Brenk (1937). The Polish achievements in the competition had a significant impact on the interest in ballooning in the interwar period. The texts discussed in the paper are visibly inspired by reportage and travel novels. The books had a propaganda nature: intended for the young reader, they highlighted the attractiveness of the army and the importance of the Polish army in the world.
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Conflict between organised supporters and the leadership of the Croatian Football Federation considerably determines the political and social aspects of football in contemporary Croatia. Our analysis of this phenomenon employs Albert O. Hirschman's dichotomy between horizontal and vertical social conflict: horizontal social conflict is of the ''either us or them'' type, and is particularly characterised by emotions and violence, making it less suitable for compromise; vertical conflicts are divisible and more defined by a rational approach, so they can be overcome by democratic procedures. Analysis shows that conflict between supporters and the football establishment displays features of both types, although it tends more towards the horizontal model due to the unwillingness of the opposing parties to reach a compromise, as they are burdened by emotions and violence (supporters) and use manipulation (football establishment officials).
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When the Croatian national team won the silver medal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, this was not only a great sporting achievement, but also one of huge political significance to the entire nation. The significance of this event to the Croatian people was clearly made apparent through the parade organized in Zagreb upon the national team’s return from Russia, as well as the media coverage of the team’s success.This paper deals with the discursive construction of Croatian players in various media, where they are portrayed as national heroes. It also deals with the more specific discursive construction of the national team’s coach, Zlatko Dalić, who has celebrity status within the public sphere. Players’ patriotic capital appears to have been far more interesting to the media than their deeds on the pitch. Zlatko Dalić, on the other hand, has outgrown his role as football coach due to his broad public engagement and new work arrangements.Using an analysis of media and public discourse between mid-2018 and the end of 2019, this paper will also attempt to clarify the mediatization and celebritization processes in Croatia’s sports culture. The interpretation of how professional work in football can transform into work in terms of celebrity culture with the aid of cultural intermediaries will emphasize the impact of the social and political context in Croatia.
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The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of how the practices of state and city institutions, whose duty is to ensure that FC Dinamo Zagreb operates in accordance with national laws, affect the behavior of supporters. Besides that, it checks hypotheses that parts of fans aggressive behavior are structurally caused, and that in activist practices of fans, there is also a potential for the democratization of society. As supporter groups Bad Blue Boys, Together for Dinamo and We Are Dinamo persistently ask state and city institutions to observe the law, they can be seen as actors in the democratization of society, and close processes like unselective law enforcing and fights against corruption and discrimination.
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From 2016 to 2018, we conducted ethnographic research on young members of the ultras group White Stones in Varaždin. We analysed the social activism of this group as related to the ‘AMF’ club NK Varteks in order to affirm how members of White Stones view their club as opposed to similar examples in Europe, as well as to determine whether this group of youth are stigmatised. As opposed to the European context, opposition to the commercialisation of football is present implicitly in their case, while opposition to crime and corruption are the key causes of this group’s social activism. They feel as if they belong to the 'AMF' movement, and stigmatisation is partially present.
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Purpose – This empirical study explores the influence of physical prominence of t he sales personnel on the purchase behavior of male customers at health supplement and nutraceuticals retail stores. The researchers carried out a first-hand study to investigate the impact of advertisements featuring models “with six-pack abs holding dietary supplement boxes” on customer purchases. Design/methodology/approach – The experimental research method with the observational technique of data collection was employed to study how subjects respond to various stimuli. The data collected through this technique was analyzed by using IBM SPSS 21. The data was collected by applying the area sampling technique at 12 dietary supplements retail stores in different cities and villages in India from 1 November 2019 to 15 January 2020. The sample consisted of 24 male employees of dietary supplement retail stores and 40 male customers who purchased dietary supplements. Findings – This research study empirically explores the positive influence of physical prominence (salesman with six-pack abs working at health supplement and nutraceuticals retail stores) on male customer purchase behavior. Its findings support the fact that there is a statistically significant difference between preference levels of customers in the presence and in the absence of advertisements showing models “with six-pack abs holding dietary supplement boxes”. Limitation – As the research area was restricted to India only, a larger sample may provide clearer data for an assessment. There may be other variables to be considered in further empirical research studies because the role of a significant influence of other factors cannot be ruled out. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no research to date highlighting such customer behavior in India. This makes the present paper novel and useful for the scientific community working in this research field. Previous research studies have affirmed the impact of body shape of athletic looking female sales personnel on purchase patterns, but very little is known about the male-to-male sales interactions.
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Classical game theories attempt to determine the essence of the game independently of other human activities, which led to the fact that each theory usually emphasized only one of its aspects, ignoring the others. Modern game theories usually treat play only as an aspect of a wide range of animal or human behavior. This phenomenon is frequently investigated, both philosophically and theoretically. Hence, there are different approaches to the game, such as sociological, anthropological, pedagogical, medical, ecological, developmental, etc. Games are explored within psychological theories relating to holistic behavior and child development. Play is an area in which theories of development are explained. There are two aspects to the game: cognitive and developmental (in a pedagogical sense). The game with its atmosphere of relaxation and non-commitment favors the acquisition of more complex skills, unlike traditional ways of learning. It remains a vital, concrete, instantaneous activity even when the ways of satisfying its rules are mental in nature and involve more cognitive spheres. In this paper, we present basic games as a basic form of games, as a way of developing children from sociological, anthropological and educational aspects, and the application of elementary games in sports and physical education through which children learn to actively live their environment, to adapt quickly to new situations, development of sociological, anthropological and pedagogical characteristics.
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The article examines the problem of ambiguities in the process of measuring the performance in non-profit sports clubs which is one of the main causes for disputes between various stakeholders in the process of determining organizational strategies and strategic objectives. The first objective is to use the non-profit basketball clubs as an example, to describe their specifics from the aspect of organizational performance and to reveal what exactly, beside the financial and sports results, is necessary to take into account for the performance evaluation in these organizations. The second objective is to disclose non-profit sport clubs’ actual strategic orientations. The explorative factor analysis performed on performance estimations of 15 organizational goals was obtained on a sample of 73 non-profit basketball clubs from four South-Eastern European countries. The results indicate two basic strategic orientations of non-profit basketball clubs, namely financial-competitive and non-financial-recreational orientation. The findings may be helpful to clubs’ managements in the process of defining missions and hierarchy of strategic goals for their organizations.
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Blue morpho butterflies are one of the most popular targets among collectors in the Amazon rainforest. Understanding the umwelt of blue morpho butterflies enables one to be more successful in catching them. The objectives of the paper are to describe the umwelt of Morpho butterflies – their perception and interpretation about the tools that butterfly collectors use (hand-nets, bait traps with fermenting bananas, blue glossy tablets) – which allows us to explain how exactly the catching methods function, and to give recommendations how to further develop Morpho butterfly catching methods. Information about the behaviour of Morpho butterflies is collected by participatory observation and interviews with collectors in French Guiana in 2017– 2018. For analysis I use Jakob von Uexküll’s model of the functional cycle. The paper gives an overview about the perceptions of Morpho butterflies, the meanings of the objects in the butterflies’ umwelt and behaviour towards certain objects and signs that allow the butterflies to recognise these objects. Recognised objects can be categorised as food, congener, enemy or obstruction. Depending on the interpretation, the butterfly approaches (e.g., feeding, agonistic behaviour, partner searching) or avoids (e.g., escape from the predator or rival) the object. Attracting butterflies is a type of communication between the human and the insect. It is considered as lying, because the human has an intention to forward false information to the butterfly and s/he knows its behavioural response to the message. Describing details of this kind of communication between these two phylogenetically very distinct species allows for a deeper look into interspecific communication, the perception abilities and behaviour of the butterfly. The knowledge about the target’s umwelt can be relevant in catching any other species and it enables us to develop and understand the catching methods and to design the catching strategies. Additionally, it enables us to further understand Morpho butterfly perceptions, social behaviour and umwelt in general.
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This paper provides an overview of changes that have occurred within the Bad Blue Boys fan group in the last decade as a result of clashes with the GNK Dinamo management. The dynamics of this relationship are studied through the concepts of political non-participation and action through civil society and within the Against Modern Football Movement. This study used a qualitative methodology, and 11 in-depth interviews were conducted with members of the Bad Blue Boys fan group. The study established a weakening in group cohesion in the last ten years and the beginnings of action through the sphere of civil society. The most significant project resulting from this, and which is driven by these concepts, is Futsal Dinamo. This, in combination with the element of nostalgia, is a novelty for the Bad Blue Boys fan group.
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