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The former part of the present article includes a description made by N.A. Ursu, a specialist from Iasi (deceased in May 2016, at the age of 90), from his perspective of a researcher and the head of "Alexandru Philippide" Romanian Philology Institute, the Branch of the Romanian Academy in Iasi. As regards the latter part of this paper, special attention is devoted to the analysis of N. A. Ursu’s major contributions regarding the modernization of the Romanian language lexicon during the period 1760-1860, in his monographs „The Formation of the Romanian Scientific Terminolog”y (1962) and „The Lexical Loan in the Modernization of the Romanian Literary Language” (1760 - 1860) in four volumes (2004-2011), published in collaboration with his wife, Despina Ursu. The great innovation in approaching this topic is the fact that the so-called 73 “neologization” of the Romanian scientific lexicon is studied from the perspective of "Words and Things" based on about 800 source texts of that age, including translations from different language cultures, made in all Romanian provinces. The borrowing of a word used to name a certain notion is analyzed in parallel with the making of linguistic calculations, ad-hoc semantisation of some words from the common lexicon of Daco Romanian, respectively with the use of other equivalence processes. Starting from the collection of words and forms included in the two monographs, "onomastic groups" are presented for the concepts: «cavitate» („cavity”), «rect» („rectum”), «urticarie» („Hives”), «a vaccina» („to vaccinate”) etc.
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The world we live in is characterized by continuous change due to globalization, with new concepts developing in science and technology, new economic conditions and challenges that have a great impact upon our lives. In this world, where new words are constantly invented, coined and borrowed by other languages, is Latin a dead language still used in English and Romanian? The present paper has emerged out of the belief that Latin’s cultural and linguistic importance is undeniable and numerous Latin words and phrases are still widely used both in English and Romanian, especially in scientific, legal and economic discourse.
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The paper presents semantic and syntactic properties of a group of Serbian and Slovenian agentive verbs of visual perception that have a differential component of a focused perception act realisation in their meaning content. Within the semantic-syntactic analysis of these verbs the situation types of perceptive action expressed by them were determined, as well as their predicate-argument structure and right argument forms. In the given analysis we have considered the extent of inter-lingual equivalence by taking as the starting point the Serbian verbs connected not only by the above-mentioned differential semantic component but also by common etymological origin.
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Stefano Benni would probably not like the definition “cult” for his novel “La Compagnia dei Celestini” (1992). Nevertheless, a number of his statements can be found quoted all over the internet, and even some of his neologisms have entered the Italian common dictionary. One such example is pallastrada, "Street Football", the name he created in this book to define a popular game played all over the world. All that is needed to play Benni's pallastrada is some friends, an open space, and a ball. In fact, even the ball is not a requisite. The "Street Football" has become a better alternative to its official counterpart: away from stadiums; bearing no uniform strips; and, above all, having no sponsors or logos. The author adds to the game some mythical origins and a supernatural protector. The game - a metaphor of freedom and solidarity - has spread all over Europe, thanks in large part to a French cartoon inspired by the novel.
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Ferdinand de Saussure is considered to be one of the greatest linguists of all times. He was a man of outstanding sense for scientific theory and a man who made a great impact on his students. He is recognised to be the founder of so called Geneva School and Structural linguistic. In fact, the structuralism rests on the ideas that de Saussure was the first to voice in public. Numerous structuralism schools will have de Saussure’s interpretations of language as the base of their teaching. His pupil Charles Bally had conceived the descriptive stylistics upon de Saussure’s dichotomy of language and thus created the affective stylistics which treats and describes the style of language as a system. For the development of linguistic stylistics, it is important that one study the style on the basis of de Saussure’s teaching given in the framework of the Prague School, known as the School of Functional Stylistics, then the Russian Formalist teaching and other teachings too. This paper will show that Ferdinand de Saussure’s impact on stylistics and linguistic stylistic has been a very inspirational one, given his standing that a language should be considered primarily on the synchronous plane, and that the internal legality of the linguistic structure and function of the language are to be studied as a systems of expressive characters. This will have an impact to the development of one of the most important principles in linguistic stylistics – The Principle of Choice.
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Bishop Nikola Brautic created a unique work in the entire Croatian literature. In fact, I think that there is no similar work which should be looked up to. The work, as the bishop admitted, (Hos ego versiculos feci reclusus et exul,| Carcer et exilium quo leviora forent.|Neve rigor fragilemque vehemens tentatio mentem | In desperatas praecipitaret aquas.) was created „out of despair“ while he was in the most notorious Roman prison Angel fortress by the order of the Pope Gregory XV. He lived in that prison for eight months and was sentenced for ten years of prison in Perugia, but after two years the new Pope Urban VIII declared him innocent and set him free. In one distich Brautic praised a life of one saint or some solemnity. Therefore, with its title the distich created one whole, and Poetic martyrology is composed of 4864 distiches. He used Latin language of that time, which was also in everyday usage, but as far as stylistic figures are concerned besides wonderful comparisons, the most expressive one was the word play which can be found almost in every distich. It is understandable that there is a strong influence of poets from Augustus’ period (primarily Virgil and Horace), what is reflected usage of characteristic phrases. Special attention in the paper is paid to the so called Illyrian saints, i.e. those who are in any way connected to ancient Illyricum. In that segment Brautic often complemented the Roman Martyrology of Cesare Boromini which was his main reading.
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The paper outlines critical edition of private letters exchanged by humanist from Šibenik Antun Vrancic (Antonius Verancius, 1504-1573) and Trieste lawyer Andrija Rapicije (Andreas Rapicius, 1533-1573). There are three Antun’s letters in Latin from 1558, 1559 and 1560 and three Rapicije’s letters, also in Latin, from 1558 and 1560 and the third undated (there is only a date, but not the year). Undated letter is preserved only in manuscript and it will be published here for the first time. The other letters were also published in the Hungarian edition of Szalay-Wenzel from the 19th century. The introductory chapters will speak about correspondents, Hungarian edition, manuscript and language characteristics of letters in relation to classical Latinity. Critical edition of the letters made by comparing manuscripts from the Budapest Széchenyi Library and Hungarian edition can be found at the end.
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The term „sevdalinka“ originates from „sevdah“, the Arabian expression for love, desire for love, and ecstasy of passion. The Turks took this word from the Arabs, the Bosnian Muslims then added an „H“ to the Arab expression „säwda“ – black bile: one of the four bodily humors believed to determine a melancholic state. The heart of sevdalinka is the feeling of love. This central theme is explored in all its nuances: silent tenderness, yearning, desire, melancholy, and longing; happiness, cheerfulness, humor, bewitchment, excitement, suffering and passion; and above all the type of tragic and painful love that inspires the most noble emotions and moral behavior. The shyness and propriety of the girls, for example, is conveyed in sevdalinka, by their blushing.
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In this article, the author introduces several approaches to the concept of sacrifice. It begins with classic sociological approach of Emile Durkheim who in sacrifice remarks forming, strengthening and maintaining of a community. In his anthropological conception, Georges Bataille demonstrates that the production and accumulation of wealth are wrong moral principles and suggests a new moral practice of giving oneself without asking anything in return, which represents the only way to realize a society of equals. Such a society, in which there would be no leader or a singular sovereignty, he calls Acephale. For Jean-Luc Nancy, sacrifice is impossible. Starting from a standpoint that the Being is nothing and that there is nothing except this worldly plurality, Nancy considers sacrifice impossible since there is no higher principle for which the sacrifice would be performed. Beside the standpoints of the abovementioned theoreticians, this article also offers a theory of discipline and sacrifice for achieving a socially expected perfect appearance. In all the mentioned theories, non-classic dimension of sacrifice is demonstrated. In them sacrifice is performed as activity for achieving social unity, greater equality, socially expected appearance and it is also presented as something impossible.
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The history of the Qurʾānic text begins with the time of its revelation. The research on Qurʾānic manuscripts is one of the main fields of textual studies of the Qurʾān. There have been many works done by both Muslim and Western scholars. Many museums and libraries around the world hold Qurʾān manuscripts. Each manuscript has its own characteristics such as orthography, calligraphy, decoration, and binding, number of the pages and the lines, and dating. This article deals with 110 Qurʾān manuscripts found in the Vatican Library (Biblioteca Apostalica Vaticana) at the Vaticani arabi, Borgiani arabi,Barberiniani orientaliand RossianiCollections. The dates of these Qurʾān manuscripts vary from I/VII(?) and XIII/XIX centuries. The article aims to identify the features of Qurʾānic writing by studying chronologically some basic physical-content descriptions and characteristics of these manuscripts. It also examines the different names of the sūrahs and the knowledge on Meccan or Medinan sūrahs presented on the sūrah headings of manuscripts.Summary: Each Qurʾān manuscript has its own characteristics. These features present significant insights into the field of history of Qurʾānic text. A manuscript becomes a source for the history of writing muṣḥafin terms of physical and content features such as calligraphy, ink colors, binding, and explanations found in katabapage, the sūrah headings which contain the names of sūrahs, Meccan-Medinan knowledge, the numbers of āyahs, and the signs for juzʾ, ʿashr, and ḥizb. The research on the names of sūrahs, Meccan-Medinan knowledge, and the number of āyahs contributes to the ʿulūm al-Qurʾānstudies as well.This article examines 110 Qurʾān manuscripts located in the Vatican Library in the Vaticani arabi(73 MSS), Borgiani arabi (25 MSS),Barberiniani orientali(11 MSS), and Rossiani(2 MSS) Collections. Each manuscript is individually studied. However, due to the limitation of the article, I include only some basic and significant physical and content features of these manuscripts. The catalogues prepared by Giorgio Levi della Vida (1886-1967) and Carlo Alberto Anzuini are consulted for this study. I also study the sūrah headings in Qurʾān manuscripts which contain the names of sūrahs and Meccan-Medinan knowledge.The most used calligraphy types of these manuscripts coming from different geographies are maghribī(19 MSS) and nasikh-Ottoman (66 MSS). The basic features of maghribīMSS as follows: The text is written dark brown, vowel signs in dark red, shaddaand jazmin blue, and hamzain orange ink (VI-VII/XII-XIII centuries). The āyah endings are in circle form and decorated (VI-VII/XII-XIII centuries). The same characteristics can be seen in the next centuries (VIII/XIV and IX/XV centuries). The word sajdais written in the same line with the sajdaayah in Borg. Ar. 51 (VI-VII/XII-XIII centuries).The main characteristics of nasikh-Ottoman MSS as follows: Vat. Ar. 195 (IX/XV century) includes the āyah endings in two different figures: Three dots in triangle-shaped in red ink or in inverse comma-formed. The numbers of the āyahs are not written in this manuscript. On the other hand, the earlier features of the present muṣḥafs found in this manuscript as follows: Waqfsigns are in red ink; the word sajdais written in the same line with the sajdaāyah in black ink. The word ḥizbis in the margin of the pages. The sūrah headings hold the name of the sūrah, Meccan-Medinan knowledge, and the numbers of āyahs. The taʿqībaword is at the end of the pages. Among these manuscripts, Barb. Or. 72 (X/XVI century) contains, for the first time, the prayer text after the reading the whole Qurʾān (khatm) at the end of the muṣḥaf. This manuscript has different explanations for the Meccan and Medinan knowledge. It uses “نزلت بمكة” for “مكية”, and “نزلت بالمدينة” for “مدنية”. The figures of juzʾare written in numerical form in Borg. Ar. 184 (XI/XVII century). The divisions such as “ربع حزب, نصف حزب” can be seen in the manuscripts in XII/XVIIIcenturies.The names of the sūrah in the sūrah headings can be different from their widely-known names. The 39 sūrahs have different names among the manuscripts examined in this article. The names of sūrahs which cannot be found in the relevant classical source as follows: al-Khalīlfor Sūrah Ibrāhīm; al-kharīrfor Sūrah al-Sajda; al-sayyāḥūnfor Sūrah Sabaʾ;jādalafor Sūrah Mucādala; al-ʿishārfor Sūrah al-Takwīr;wa’l-layli idhāyaghshāfor Sūrah al-Shams;lumazafor Sūrah al-Humaza; miskīnfor Sūrah al-Māʿūn;asrāfor Sūrah al-Isrāʾ;al-maqābirand al-qabrfor Sūrah al-Takāthur; salāsilāfor Sūrah al-Insān; al-abrārfor Sūrah al-Muṭaffifīn.The sūrah headings indicate the knowledge of Meccan-Medinan classification of the sūrahs. Each manuscript does not have this feature. However, the manuscripts have this feature may not include this knowledge for each sūrah headings. The disagreements about the Meccan or Medinan sūrahs in theʿulūm al-Qurʾānliterature can be seen in the manuscripts studied in this article. The manuscripts which have this knowledge present that the 47 sūrahs recorded only as Meccan, but the remaining ones both Meccan and Medinan. These manuscripts do not record a sūrah only as Medinan.There are manuscripts which present more detailed knowledge on Meccan-Medinan. Vat. Ar. 1484 (IX/XV century) mentions not only whether a sūrah is Meccan or Medinan but also the exceptional verses if the sūrah has. For instance, the heading of Sūrah al-Anʿām reads that: “سورة الانعام نزلت جملة واحدة بمكة الا ثلث ايات انزلت بالمدينة قوله قل تعالوا أتل ما حرم ربكم عليكم لعلكم تتقون”. Among the sūrah headings which have this feature are al-Naḥl, al-Ḥajj, al-Shuʿarāʾ, Luqmān, al-Sajda, and al-Zumar. Vat. Ar. 1588 mentions only the numbers of exceptional verses. For example, the heading of Sūrah al-Isrāʾsays that “مكية و قيل مدنية غير ثلث ايات”.Vat. Ar. 1597 contains details about the numbers of ayahs, words, and letters in the sūrah headings. For instance, for Sūrah al-Nisāʾ, it reads that “اياتها ق ع اختلافها ب كلماتهاغج ذ م ه حروفها غيول”. The Arabic letters in this explanation has a numerical value (abjad). According to this the number of āyahs is 170, the number of debated ones in merging with the previous and next verses is 2, the number of words 3.745, and the number of letters is 16.030.There are corrections on the pages of the manuscripts. These corrections may be done through the writing process or during the check reading (muqabala) at the end of the writing. The writing of the text by heart and by looking to the other copy, and the similarities may cause these kinds of errors for the scribe.Studying on Qurʾān manuscripts reveals the different features of the writing of a muṣḥaf. Even though the numbers of the graduate studies gradually increase in Turkey, there is no a PhD dissertation which analyzes a Qurʾān manuscript, and only one M.A. thesis has been recently completed. Therefore, establishing graduate courses on Qurʾān manuscripts in the field of Islamic studies will strengthen the Qurʾānic and tafsīrstudies.
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В статье обсуждаются вопросы постановки и реализации коммуникативных целей изучения русского языка на отделении русской филологии. Формулируется следующие выводы: 1. Очень важно согласование коммуникативных целей обучения и- ностранному языку с естественными мотивами обучения. Поэтому в зависимости от целевой направленности отдельных этапов подготовки студентов - филологов на первый план выдвигаются все новые перспективы использования изучаемого языка, а следовательно преобладают определенные виды языковой коммуникации. 2. Так как на русской филологии профилирующий язык изучается не только на практических занятиях, но и на всех остальных ведущихся на русском языке. Поэтому преподаватели научных дисциплин, предусмотренных планом обучения, должны считать себя также и учителями профилирующего языка. 3. Языковая подготовка студентов русской филологии должна Сыть продолжением их восьмилетнего обучения русскому языку в школе. 4. Имея в виду профессиональную подготовку студентов, кроме главных видов языковой коммуникации (восприятие на слух, говорение, чтение про себя, письмо), следует развивать и вторичние виды коммуникативной деятельности на русском языке (чтение вслух, запись речи, устный и письменный перевод).
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Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę uzasadnienia potrzeby wykorzystania taśm wizyjnych w nauczaniu języka rosyjskiego oraz prezentuje konkretne propozycje rozwiązań technicznych w tej dziedzinie. W świetle najnowszych badań z dziedziny psycholingwistyki, psychologii, jak również wypowiedzi z zakresu glottodydaktyki, potrzebę wykorzystania środków technicznych w nauczaniu języków obcych należy przyjąć za fakt oczywisty. Sam wybór konkretnych рошосу audiowizualnych uzależniony jest od ićh walorów dydaktycznych na danym szczeblu nauczania. Nie bez znaczenia jest tu również czynnik ekonomiczny. Proponując wykorzystanie taśm wizyjnych w procesie nauczania języka rosyjskiego, wskazujemy na następujące ich zalety jako środków dydaktycznych: 1) oddziaływanie głosem 1 obrazem jednocześnie, 2) wykorzystanie ekranu w małym pomieszczeniu sprzyja stworzeniu atmosfery koncentracji, eliminuje element napięcia, 3) odpowiednio dobrany z realioznawczego punktu widzenia zapis magnetyczny stanowi wartościowy materiał dla wyrabiania kompetencji komunikacyjnej w zakresie języka obcego, 4; w odróżnieniu od stacjonarnych programów telewizyjnych wykorzystanie zapisu magnetycznego w obwodzie telewizji zamkniętej daje możliwość powtórzeń - w zależności od potrzeby.
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Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie motywu czarownika w polskich bajkach ludowych – magicznych i w podaniach wierzeniowych. Analiza kilkudziesięciu tekstów pochodzących z XIX i początku XX wieku pozwala wykazać złożoność postaci czarownika, z jednej strony sytuującego się w pobliżu istot demonicznych (magiczne umiejętności, jak zmiennokształtność, dar czarowania), a z drugiej przypominającego dawnych uczonych – księży bądź alchemików (czarny strój, dar czytania i używania do czarów zaklęć z zakazanych ksiąg).
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Copyright issues related to language resources have received considerable attention. Personal data protection in the field of language research is an area which is not thoroughly explored yet. This topic is very relevant since the General Data Protection Regulation is applicable from 25 May 2018. The authors analyse the issues relating to personal data protection in the context of the development and utilization of language resources. Firstly, the authors analyse the cases where there is a consent which allows processing of personal data to develop and use language resources for research purposes. Secondly, the processing of personal data without consent for language research purposes is explored. The article is meant to provide practical information to language research community and create a foundation for further discussion.
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It is a well-known fact that natural languages do not correspond to the linguistic categories without trouble. Regarding the category of word classes, one of the most challenging groups in Estonian is the adverb, characterized by continuing supplementation by case forms of nouns. This article explores the notion of nominal adverb from the perspective of another prototype-based category, manner. The analysis of manner expressions follows Virtanen’s (2008) ‘manner plus’ idea, assuming semantic blends of manner and some other category. This study is induced by work with the Estonian collocations dictionary and the data the compilation is based on. The analysis explicates the collocational behaviour and the types of semantic blends of the selected nominal adverbs in the inner local cases illative, inessive and elative, focusing on adverb-verb combinations.
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The present paper describes the project titled “The Dictionary of Word Associations in Estonian” undertaken by the author at the Institute of the Estonian Language. The general aim of the Dictionary is to provide insights into Estonians’ common-sense mind. It is meant to be a tool of self-reflection for Estonian native speakers and a guide for the foreigners who are eager enough to make themselves familiar with the Estonian cultural patterns of thought. The Dictionary will be published online. The number of keywords was initially limited to approximately 800. Specific emphasis is given to the stage of data collection by implementing the principles of citizen science.
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