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Analysing Hungarian shopping behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study seeks answers to the following questions: Did people really hoard goods and if so what kind of goods? How did the outbreak of COVID-19 change shopping behaviour? How and how fast did retailing respond to the suddenly arising demand for online shopping? Can respondents be identified or typified based on traditional customer behaviour? The authors overview anomalies detected in Hungarian “panic buying” concerning shopping frequency, spending and product avoidance.
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The way we work has also changed in line with the continuous and rapid development of digitalisation and info-communication technology. The changes created the opportunity to separate the workplace and the task performed, and to create a much more optimal work environment for the employee. The transformation process varies from country to country and job to job, as not all jobs are suitable for telecommuting. The global spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus and the application of different solution strategies in different countries have facilitated the transition to teleworking and home office in several areas. The use of telework in Hungary has so far lagged significantly behind in European countries, but due to the coronavirus, many people have been “forced” to do. As a result of the curfew, the separation of work and privatelife has been completely eliminated for some workers as a result of teleworking, which hashad many advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the study is to analyze the effects of the coronavirus in the field of telework on workers in the Northern Hungary region,which I confirm with a questionnaire survey in addition to the literature review.
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Tak jak wiele innych krajów, Rosja cierpi z powodu szybkiego wyludniania się obszarów wiejskich i upadku gospodarki wiejskiej. Polityka państwa w zakresie łagodzenia negatywnych skutków tych procesów od lat traktuje rolnictwo jako główny filar rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i większość decyzji rządu ma na celu jego wsparcie. Niedawno sformułowano nową państwową strategię rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, a w 2019 r. zatwierdzono ambitny program krajowy. Zakładają one różne możliwości rozwoju gospodarczego i dobrobytu ludności wiejskiej w zależności od dostępności zasobów naturalnych i ludzkich, stopnia peryferyjności i innych cech. Artykuł przedstawia przegląd aktualnego stanu obszarów wiejskich Federacji Rosyjskiej. Koncentruje się na głównych problemach, z jakimi boryka się wieś na poziomie krajowym, a także ujawnia regionalne różnice w rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Opracowanie opiera się głównie na badaniach autorów w oparciu o analizę krajowych źródeł danych statystycznych, w tym Rosyjskiego Spisu Rolnego z 2016 r. Ukazuje możliwe skutki działań nowej polityki państwa w zakresie rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, takie jak zachęcanie do inicjatyw opartych na społecznościach lokalnych i promocję budownictwa mieszkaniowego poprzez programy preferencyjnych kredytów hipotecznych na wsi. Na koniec autorzy przedstawiają krótki opis wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na rozwój obszarów wiejskich w Rosji i próbują przewidzieć jej dalsze konsekwencje.
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Zmiany klimatyczne są jednym z największych wyzwań współczesności. W długookresowej perspektywie ludzkość musi osiągnąć neutralność klimatyczną, aby nie doprowadzić do załamania rozwoju cywilizacyjnego. Wymaga to podjęcia znacznego wysiłku mitygacyjnego, aby ograniczyć emisję gazów cieplarnianych. Jednocześnie wraz z upływem czasu i postępującymi zmianami klimatycznymi konieczne są również działania adaptacyjne, które pozwolą ludziom dostosować się do zmieniających się warunków. Niektóre kraje, w tym te należące do Unii Europejskiej, podejmują wysiłki, aby osiągnąć cel neutralności klimatycznej. Wiąże się to ze znacznym wysiłkiem finansowym i organizacyjnym. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie zmian w rolnictwie i na obszarach wiejskich, które mogą mieć miejsce w perspektywie roku 2030 oraz zastosowania polityk mitygujących i dostosowawczych. Artykuł został napisany na podstawie dostępnej literatury.
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Osiągnięcie poziomu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego obejmującego wszystkich ludzi od dawna jest głównym celem polityki publicznej w każdym kraju. Jest to także wyzwanie w skali globalnej, zgodnie ze współczesnymi celami zrównoważonego rozwoju ONZ. Początek pandemii COVID-19 w 2020 r. ujawnił dodatkowe wyzwania dla decydentów w dziedzinie polityki żywnościowej. W niniejszym artykule opisane zostały niektóre kluczowe elementy tych wyzwań i odpowiedzi na na nie.
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The volume of international trade heavily depends on factors facilitating trade and contributing to reducing its costs. The importance of international logistics as trade facilitator is increasingly emphasised in the literature. The aim of the paper is to assess the level of the impact of logistics performance on trade volume in the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) and Western Balkans. In order to achieve the aim, the impact of Logistic Performance Index (LPI) on international trade in 2007 and 2018 is investigated. This relationship is examined using the gravity model approach with a focus on overall LPI and its components. The research results show that there is a positive statistical significance and impact of logistics on bilateral trade between CEECs, and logistics justifies the role of a trade facilitator. Besides, the importance of LPI components in intensifying international trade was emphasised. Research implications indicate that improving logistics performance and logistics services lead to a positive impact on the volume of international trade. Better logistics performance in trading countries will lead to increased bilateral trade and reduced trade costs. The limitation of the research is that only two years have been taken into account. This is done in order to highlight the differences between the year the LPI was introduced, and the last year the LPI was calculated.
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The financial distress of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has become the main focus of numerous researchers due to the ongoing financial burden on the state and their inability to secure independent funding. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variables that affect the financial distress of SOEs in Indonesia that have received government subsidies. This research is a quantitative study conducted using secondary data collected from the Indonesian Stock Exchange, from a total of 19 SOEs from 2014 to 2017. The analysis found that investment (X2INV), leverage (X3LEV), cash flow from operating (X4CFO), and firm size (X5SIZE) have a significant negative effect on financial distress in SOEs. It means that increases in these variables will reduce the potential for corporate financial distress. While the independent working capital (X1WC) variable has no significant effect on financial distress, because it is temporary and has a dynamic change, so it is unable to show its influence on financial distress. SOE’s management that receives government subsidies can increase the amount of profitable investment to increase marginal revenue, thereby reducing financial distress. Higher leverage can reduce the level of financial distress, indicating that management uses debt to finance projects that generate higher marginal revenue than marginal costs. This condition has an impact on increasing operating cash flow. The higher the operating cash flow will reduce financial distress.
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The purpose of this study is to build an understanding of the influence of utilitarian value, hedonic value, social value, and perceived risk on e-commerce customer satisfaction in Indonesia. Data was collected through an online survey and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the WarpPLS tool version 6.0 which was then analyzed through Inferential Statistics analysis. The results of the study showed that utilitarian value significantly influences customer satisfaction. Hedonic value significantly influences customer satisfaction. However, the findings showed that social value did not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, meaning that the level of the social value of e-commerce customers does not have a significant impact on the level of customer satisfaction. Finally, the results show, perceived risk significantly influences customer satisfaction.
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The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of financial performance on textual features of the CEO’s statement. Specifically, given the incentives of poorly performed companies engage in impression management, the study investigates whether companies’ reporting strategy hinges on its financial performance. The research questions are tested through analysis of a variety of textual features in the CEO’s statement of 30 good and 30 poor performed companies listed on NASDAQ OMX Stockholm. We apply a range of textual characteristics drawn mostly from prior studies in given realm to the specific research of impression management in the CEO’s report. Overall our findings do not corroborate impression management claim, as six out of seven our results run counter to assertions made by impression management research. We found although evidence that poorly performed companies more focused on future compared with good performed companies. Finally, we conclude by discussing our results and outlining some avenues for further research.
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The main aim of this article is to identify certain specificity in self-employment of foreigners in EU countries and to find out whether the differences in self-employment of foreigners between countries are diminishing. Within the main objective, we have set two sub-objectives. The first sub-objective is to compare EU countries on the basis of the following indicators: 1/ number of self-employed foreigners and 2/ share of self-employed foreigners in employed persons from foreign countries. The second sub-objective is to determine whether EU countries converge in the number of the share of self-employed foreigners in the number of employed persons from foreign countries. We have confirmed that the countries have a tendency to convergence in regard to the share of self-employed foreigners in employed persons from foreign countries. We assume that this tendency can also be due to the pressure of the labour market that shows a lack of labour force. The share of self-employed migrants is relatively high in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, their increase is below average compared to the EU.
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The telecom industry in India has witnessed substantial growth over the last decade. Rapid growth of telecommunications is opening up the doors for many telecom players from Europe, Asia and other parts of the world, resulting in increased competition and tariff reductions. In the present competitive environment, the services perceived by the customers and their behavioural intentions play a pivotal role in the customer switching process among service providers. With the changing expectations of service quality, it becomes imperative to discover the gap between customer expectations and customer perception. In this context, the aim of the present study is to identify the existing gap between customer expectations and perceptions and investigate the relationship between post-experience perception of service quality and customers’ behavioural intentions. The data was collected from 500 customers in Delhi NCR, India. Paired sample t-test and multiple correlation analysis were performed. The results of the study points out the key areas wherein the service gaps are considerably high such as reliability and responsiveness. The customer behavioural intentions, such as “Complain to customer service if a problem occurs”, “Switch to another service provider” and “Reducing the usage with a particular service provider”, have shown a strong relationship with quality of service. The findings of the study confirm that the perceptions of customers regarding the quality of service received definitely have an impact on their behaviour.
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This study aims to understand the moderating role of firm size on financial characteristics and Islamic firm value. Then study how the influence of firm size moderation on the relationship of financial characteristics and corporate governance with firm value. This study uses secondary data from financial statements and analyzed by the panel data method for six years. The sample selection is arranged by the purposive sampling method with Islamic index constituent population. Conclusion: leverage, profitability, and efficiency have a significant positive effect on Islamic firm value, but the liquidity and audit committee do not affect. Firm size moderators provide a reinforcing effect for all independent variables so that liquidity and audit committees have a positive effect on firm value. Implications: Islamic firm investors in the equity market should consider the crucial variable, namely firm size, in addition to firm and corporate governance characteristics. These conclusions provide important implications for managers and relevant authorities to enhance financial market information related to firm value and further attention to corporate governance mechanisms.
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Indonesia has been experiencing rising animal source food prices during the last five years (decade). In this paper we explore how changes of animal source food prices impact on their demand Indonesia 2016 as expressed in income and price elasticities. Take into account for changes in consumption patterns, as expressed in substitution and complement effects among food items, by including own and cross price elasticities obtained through the parameter estimation of a demand system using QUAIDS. With respect to the total animal food expenditure, chicken meat, beef, fish and milk are luxury goods, while (only) egg is normal goods. The luxuriousness of chicken meat, beef, fish and milk powder decrease with increasing household income level as expressed in quintile level. The results also show that consumers substitute high value commodities such as chicken meat, beef, fishes and powdered milk in case of rising prices with the cheaper and lower preferences. Consequently, households consume a less diversified diet in times of high animal source food prices, focusing their diet on cheaper animal source food commodities. High value animal source foods play an important role in a diversified and nutritionally balanced diet, since they are rich in proteins and essential amino acid. Animal source food “inflation”, which has been led by high value animal agricultural commodities, therefore threatens to worsen the nutritional status of the Indonesian consumer, especially the lower income level.
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The position of women in the regional community of North Ossetia - Alania is studied through the prism of a subjective approach. The study is based on a survey of women, their self-assessment of their position in the system of social and professional relations. The respondents’ answers are structured and allow to identify the main trends: women experience to some extent gender discrimination in the labor market; strive for professional development, labor activity and economic independence allows women to feel more confident; they are aimed at career advancement. Women note that the state and employers are not interested in promoting women in the profession. Having defined the factor of development of potential of professional growth and self-realization of the woman as the main criterion of an assessment of her position in system of the social and professional relations of regional community of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, the authors developed indicators and revealed characteristics of the social and professional status of women.
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The results of a study of the features of matrimonial behavior of migrant women from Central Asian countries are presented in this article. The conclusions are based on the analysis of statistical data on the number of marriages between citizens of different States in the Russian marriage market. Marriage in the migration process is a widespread phenomenon. In some countries, the proportion of marriages with foreigners reaches 30-40 % of the total number of marriages. In Russia, the share of marriages complicated by a foreign component is 6,5 %. Of these, the largest number of marriages were concluded by citizens of Ukraine. The countries of Central Asia - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan - occupy the second, fourth, sixth, and ninth positions in the list, respectively. Citizens of Turkmenistan are much less active in getting married in Russia. In our country, number of marriages with foreign men is significantly higher than foreign women. However, this ratio is not met among citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: more marriages are performed by women than men. The total marriage rates among migrants were calculated to determine the intensity of marriage by foreigners from Central Asian countries. The highest value of the total marriage rate of migrants is observed among citizens of Tajikistan, the lowest is among citizens of Turkmenistan. At the same time, the total marriage rate among women from Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan exceeds that of men. It is meaning that women from these countries are more likely to marry in Russia. The vast majority of marriages with a foreign component - 96 % - are between foreigners and Russians. The remaining 4 % of marriages are those in which both the bride and groom are foreign citizens. Citizens of Central Asian countries if they marry someone other than a Russian, choose their compatriot in the vast majority. It should be noted that the practice of marriage in the country of emigration is not limited only to marriage migration. It is not uncommon for people who come to the country for employment, education, or other aims to find life partners and register relationships. However, we should not exclude the widespread adoption of a pragmatic approach to marriage, in which migrants consider to marriage as an opportunity to be legalized in the country of immigration in a simplified manner, faster and easier to obtain citizenship. Therefore, the development and implementation of state regulation measures in this area is particularly relevant.
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The article considers the problem of combining two types of labor activity - professional and parental labor. The aim of the research is to identify objective and subjective barriers for combination of these two labor spheres. We focus on specific elements of the organization of labor of working mothers (length of the working week and working day, time of the start and the end of work, alternation of work and days off, leave period, form of work organization) and on identifying subjective barriers that prevent the effective combination of professional and parental labor. We conducted an online survey of 265 women aged 18 to 45 working in various organizations in the Sverdlovsk region. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and group comparison based on nonparametric criteria. The results of the study are as follows: the length of the working day, as well as the time of its beginning and end, act as objective barriers to combining professional and parental work for Ural women. The subjective barriers preventing the effective combination of professional and parental work for Ural women are stereotypes of employers and colleagues who do not have children, based on the perception of the low efficiency of professional activities of workers with children, the negative impact of children on the implementation of professional work and the professional career of parents, misunderstanding of the advantages that children give to workers with children in the process of their professional work. The presence of such subjective barriers often entails refusals in employment of subjects of parental labor, a deterioration in the attitude of the employers towards them, and increases the likelihood of going on unpaid leave.
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The article analyzes the results of a sociological study conducted in 2018 in the villages and small towns of Bashkortostan. 200 married couples were interviewed in two categories: shift migrants families and the control group (not involved in temporary employment). Temporary employment is considered to be a condition for the inclusion of the modern family in translocal migration processes. The study allowed us to draw the following conclusions. In the conditions of regular long-term absence of the spouse, stable translocal connections of the migrant with the family are formed in the families of shift migrants. Almost all shift migrants seek to compensate for their physical absence by regular communication with their spouse and children; by discussing topical issues of the family’s economic and social life. Gender attitudes and behavior of shift migrants and their spouses in the sphere of intra-family relations are characterized by a significant gap between ideas about the ideal, correct type of intra-family relations (which is mainly egalitarian), and real behavior in everyday life (which in its content is traditional and gender-marked). At the same time, in families of shift migrants, traditional gender stereotypes and norms of behavior are declared and produced to a much lesser extent than in the control group of families, both in the distribution of household responsibilities and in matters of leadership in the family. The consequences of temporary labor migration for families of shift migrants are not clear. Along with the obvious positive effects that are manifested in the economic life of the family, there are a number of difficulties in managing the economy, life in rural areas, raising children, and physical and socio-psychological well-being.
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A key element of competitiveness in the knowledge-based economy is to create linkages among academic society, research institutions, private sector and government. R&D (research and development) infrastructure involves mentioned subjects and could be interpreted as the main instrument of National Innovation System (NIS). Scientific researches theoretically attempt to describe the conception of R&D and innovation system. However there is a gap in explanation of constitution of R&D infrastructure and how it reflects in NIS. The detailed theoretical conception of R&D infrastructure is missing as well. This complicates understanding of construction and importance of NIS. The research problem being solved in this article is: how to highlight the correlation of R&D infrastructure and NIS in order to present recommendations for Lithuanian National Innovation System. The aim of the article was to highlight the correlation and streamline of R&D infrastructure and NIS in order to present recommendations for construction of Lithuanian National Innovation System. Seeking to solve scientific problem and to reach the aim, the conception of R&D infrastructure is crystallized in the article. The article stresses that the main elements of R&D infrastructure are R&D funding system; human resources and patent system. There was systemized classification of approaches to R&D infrastructure in the article as well. As the conclusion of this analysis two approaches to the infrastructure of R&D - institutional and functional – were highlighted and explained. Analysis of hypothetical constitution of NIS enabled to highlight characteristics of state’s economy which may guarantee effective functioning of NIS. Hypothetical correlation of R&D infrastructure and NIS was presented analyzing knowledge flows in the NIS. The model of knowledge flows in the NIS was developed as well. Emphasizing that government is the main player of construction and implementation of R&D infrastructure, central and shared functions of government are systemized in the article. Analyzing theoretical methods of NIS’s construction there were pointed the main aspects which should be evaluated in order to prepare effective state’s innovation policy. Methodologically there were enumerated four steps how nations can take deliberate action to shape the character and results of their national innovation system. The practical findings were based on SWOT (strengths, weaknesses; opportunities and threats) analysis of Lithuanian R&D infrastructure. The essential threats of Lithuanian National Innovation System were named: linear funding model which is strongly bureaucratically controlled; shortage of horizontal interplay between governmental sectors which directly use R&D; miss of precise R&D funding mechanism; too conservative approach to innovations creation and application. As the outcome of theoretical analysis, recommendations how to construct NIS are presented. Finally, the possible construction of Lithuanian NIS is suggested. It is based on linkages among governmental, academic and private institutions.
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At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century the tendencies of development of the financial system and problems arising in this sector are more and more often becoming the object of scientific research as successfully functioning financial sector in every country is an important precondition for the growth of economy. Upon analyzing the development of the financial system and the influencing factors the problem of influence of the formed financial structure on economic processes cannot be dissociated from it. Indicators of development of the bank sector were used in the research to establish the correlation of the financial sector and gross domestic product of the countries of the European Union: Central bank assets/ Total financial assets, Deposit money bank assets/ Total financial asset, Other financial institutions assets/Total financial assets, Deposit money bank/(Deposit money bank + Central bank) assets, Liquid liabilities/GD, Central bank assets/GDP, Deposit money bank assets/GDP, Other financial institutions assets/GDP, Bank deposits/GDP, Financial system deposits/GDP, Private credit by deposit money banks/GDP, Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions /GDP, Overhead costs and Net interest margin. Indicators of development of the market are: Stock market capitalization/GDP, Private bond market capitalization/GDP, Public bond market capitalization/GDP, Stock market total value traded/GDP and Stock market turnover ratio. Indicators of development of the insurance are: Life insurance penetration and Non - life insurance penetration. The obtained results do not confirm the researches of other authors, who analyzed the dependency of the financial sector and the growth of economy of the “old” European Union countries, as it is stated that the growth of economy determines the formation of the structure of a market-based financial system, and with the domination of a strong bank sector in the Baltic States even in rapidly growing economy, dominant strong banking sector and law average GDP per capita, does not create conditions for the formation of a market-based financial structure.
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