Around the bloc: Bulgarian Diaspora Grows as Home Population Keeps Shrinking
Remittances from foreign-based workers are vital to the nation’s economy.
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Remittances from foreign-based workers are vital to the nation’s economy.
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The reform of Chinese banking system was undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During this structural change, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China departed the ministry and became a separate entity. The People’s Bank of China was formally established as the central bank in 1983 by the State Council. As a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping China underwent a change of monobank system to two-tier banking system. Moreover, the function of the People’s Bank of China as a central bank was formally confirmed in 1995 when the third Plenum of the National People’s Congress adopted The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is the supervisor of the financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. The central government established this institution in March 2003. The State Council is the leadership of the CBRC. The main functions of the China Banking Regulatory Commission is the formulation of supervisory rules and regulations concerning the Chinese banking institutions, the authorization of the establishment, changes of the financial institutions and also the compilation and publishing of the statistics and reports of the banking industry.
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In the article the Author addresses the problem of public-private partnership (PPP) development in Poland in the years 2009-2014. Within this period 363 PPPs were initiated. These projects were assessed according to (1) legal form, (2) nature of public tasks and in the context of the territorial and administrative division of the country. The article also raises the problem of local government debt in Poland and the need to undertake research projects on PPPs in the context of growing deficit of public finances.
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The direction of political changes in Poland has recently been debated in the European Parliament. Here, in a nutshell, is the chronicle of relevant events. In 2015 elections, a previously unknown candidate Andrzej Duda won the presidency while Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice) received the plurality of votes. Two new parties, Kukiz-15 and Nowoczesna.pl, gained substantial presence in the parliament.
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The article is devoted to study foreign experience to balance between customs controls and facilitation of international trade for its adaptation to the national practice of customs regulations.The problem of providing a balance between customs controls and facilitation of international trade was investigated in the article. The authors emphasized that the success of the implementation of measures to promote international trade largely depends on the possibility of achieving a proper balance between regulatory control and simplification of customs procedures in the field of foreign trade. Recommendations for security and facilitation of international trade under the provisions of the Kyoto Convention, the WCO Framework of Standards and the WTO Agreement on the facilitation of global trade were analyzed. In addition, the main innovations of the draft Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the ICU (on UEO and simplification of customs formalities were consolidated. One of the conditions for successful implementation of measures to restore the economic potential of Ukraine is to create favorable conditions in foreign economic activities to enhance national economic competitiveness internationally.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the content and presentation of the main requirements for the import summary declaration to the specific implementation of foreign trade operations.The article reveals the essence and role of import summary declaration (ENS) in the process of prior notification of the movement of goods. It was analyzed the information provided to ENS depending on the type of vehicle which transported goods and the availability of special status. The timing and the presentation of the import declaration and brief outline procedures for submitting and correcting information in it were shown.Based on the research conclusions can be drawn that the introduction of a prior notification of the movement of goods across the customs border involves establishment of appropriate regulatory preconditions, establishing communication linkages between the customs authorities and participants of foreign trade activities and provide the necessary information resources and technologies that ultimately will simplify customs procedures and ensure the appropriate level of customs security.
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The article substantiates the need for the emergence institution authorized economic operator in accordance with the SAFE Framework of Standards. Established that Customs administrations use SAFE Framework of Standards to develop their own programs authorized economic operators.The features of the institute of authorized economic operator in accordance with European legislation, EU Customs Code (Regulation EU 952/2013), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446, Compendium of AEO programs, 2015. Analyzed obligations of economic operators who apply for status AEO in the international supply chain. Advantages and disadvantages AEO institute for economic operators and customs administrations; criteria for certification AEO; duration of the procedures for obtaining the certificate AEO in the EU. The authors also underline the actuality of the topic connected with some ambiguity in the Customs legislation and difficulties with getting AEO status.In conclusion focuses on the need for the bill "On amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine (concerning the authorized economic operator and simplification of customs formalities)" to introduction of European customs legislation concerning authorized economic operator to the national.
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The issue of developing an effective system of customs control, which takes into account the interests of economic operators on simplifying foreign trade and the interests of the state to ensure an appropriate level of security remains unexplored at the present time. The aim of the article is to study European experience of forming an effective system of customs regulations, and to develop their own proposals for the development of a balanced system of customs regulation.The European package of laws brings together the basic concepts underlying the new security model to control the external borders of the EU, such as the harmonized system for risk assessment. Security Amendment to the Community Customs Code was published in the Official Journal of May 4, 2005 It was introduced a number of measures to strengthen security for goods crossing international borders. The amendment covers three major changes to the Customs Code: requiring traders to provide customs authorities’ information on the goods during import or export; provide reliable traders trade facilitation; introduction of common risk criteria within the Community.Based on a thorough analysis of European approaches to development of the customs administration we can summarize about the inadmissibility of a separate examination, operation and implementation of the risk management system of prior information and burnout authorized economic operator in Ukraine. These components "security amendments" in the EU are the part of a unified system that on the one hand aimed at ensuring a high level of safety of the Community and on the other - guarantees the trade community.
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The competitive advantages of youth is suggested to understand as advantages in qualitative characteristics of the created human capital of young people which allow to get job on labor market faster, grow professionally, showing high performance, mobility, adaptation to changes and changing requirements, readiness for retraining. The factors and conditions of formation of competitive advantages of youth on labor market have been systematized in the article. The leading place among them is taken by economic and social factors which define conditions of education, upbringing, professional growth, preservation of health. The interrelation between competitive advantages and quality of the human capital of youth has been revealed. Tendencies of economic activity and structure of employment of youth have been analyzed. The imbalance between structure of demand and supply, between development of labor market and of the market of educational services has been designated. It has been proved that under such circumstances against the background of system crisis of youth it is extremely difficult to realize competitive advantages on labor market of Ukraine, to correspond to the growing requirements of employers. The results of sociological research defined the factors impeding realization of competitive advantages of youth - shortcomings of quality of training of graduates, poor quality of workplaces, low level of compensation, instability of employment. The suggestions, concerning support of competitiveness of youth on labor market have been developed.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the model of „economic human” from different perspectives by various schools of economic thought in line with global evolutionary progress, identifying the problems of conformity with the motives of economic behavior of modern man both in the world and Ukraine. The variety of views on the „economic human” have been analyzed, including those of the representatives of the classical economic school, primarily Adam Smith’s, Marxist and neo-classical theories, and marginal analysis in particular. Fundamental differences in the approaches to the economic accumulation of human qualities have been defined. The objective prerequisites of the transformation of „economic human” model under intellectualization of labor and knowledge transfer have been presented. There has been defined that the precondition for the current stage of Ukraine’s evolutionary progress is the increase of the proportion of creative work and intellectual activity in the structure of labor employment.
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The purpose of this article is to study the history of the development and transformation of the taxation system for agricultural producers in order to clarify the characteristics of its development, effectiveness of the assessment and identification of possible alternatives. It has been substantiated that the introduction of a special tax system for agricultural producers was necessary and timely in a period of transformation processes in the economic system, crisis in payments and unprofitable activities of most of the enterprises. Assessing the positive and negative effects of tax reforms, it has been noted that the expediency of the extension of the special tax system for agricultural producers is advisable, but the interests of taxpayers and the state must be taken into account. It has been proved that the adjustment of the conditions of taxation for agricultural producers should be done in the direction of the differentiated approach to the definition of tax payers in addiction to the area of the agricultural land, income and to the number of employees.
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The aim of our paper is threefold: 1. to examine consumers´ ethnocentric tendencies in dairy product category; 2. to investigate how demographic variables (age, gender, income and education) influence ethnocentric tendencies, and 3. to explore the impact of ethnocentrism on the willingness to buy domestic products. A sample of 265 respondents was employed in the research to collect the empirical data. To explore the impact of demographic variables on ethnocentrism in Slovak population and to prove the interaction hypotheses, one-way ANOVA tests and linear regression model were employed. The results of the research indicate that consumer ethnocentricity is a significant factor that should be taken into account in creating promotional campaigns for dairy products.
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This article investigates the problem of determining the civil status of peasant farms in the light of the ongoing reform of civil legislation. We analyze the legal framework of regulation of peasant farms and state that peasant farms as essential subjects of business activity occupy an intermediate position between business partnerships and companies.
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The article characterizes the current state of legal regulation of entrepreneurship in agriculture. The authors investigate from legal viewpoint the basic theoretical and practical issues in this field and study various legal means that ensure agricultural development, food security in Russia, and protection of agricultural producers. The authors conclude that entrepreneurship in agriculture is of specific nature: agriculture is a sphere of intersectoral cooperation, which uses a variety of legal means of various legal entities. The mechanism of legal regulation in agriculture is reasonably organized in a way to ensure additional protection for agricultural producers.
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In this paper, we present a criminological analysis of the activity of the organized criminal groups identified in Tatarstan in the period from 1990 to 2012. We use the material from our own practical experience in organizing the work of investigation and operational groups on criminal associations and coordinating the organized crime control activities carried out by law enforcement agencies. We make conclusions on the main criminological regularities concerning organized crime and the measures to counteract it.
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Суровое обаяние индустриальной культуры имеет ограниченный круг адептов. Я, несомненно, из их числа. Стержни возвышающихся над горо- дом труб ТЭЦ, заводов и фабрик, порой скрываю- щиеся за стенами высоток, скрепляют с небом про- странство моего родного города и значительной части остального мира. По звукам локомотивов и нарастающему гулу приближающихся железнодо- рожных составов я сверяю время, оказавшись в лишённой времени моей загородной Аркадии. С неизбежностью мы включены, а порой и за- ключены, в сферу индустриального, и, пока мы не удалились в пустыню, тундру, тайгу или джунгли, где ещё не ступала нога Homo Industrialis, она почти всегда где-то рядом, в пределах досягаемости — её объекты и продукты можно увидеть и услышать, к ним можно прикоснуться и ими можно воспользоваться.
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The focus of this article are the merger remedies. The article analyses procedural and substantive aspects of this notion, and particularly the applicable general principles, conditions for its implementation, various types of measures known to the comparative competition law, the appropriateness of the application of these measure in different circumstances, all with the overview of the relevant practice of the European Commission, but also the General Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the legislation of B&H, and the practice of the Competition Council of B&H, with the aim of ascertaining the normative and factual competency for the implementation of this notion. The conclusion of the article indicates that the competition law of B&H is not completely ready for the implementation of the merger remedies - structural and behavioral - in the procedure of the control of concentrations of the undertakings concerned.
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The significance of socially responsible consumption as well as the question of the knowledge and information that consumers may have about producers of consumer product are increasingly appearing in the literature. In the case of companies, responsible corporate operation and to examine how information could be transferred to consumers from companies have become key issues especially in the last decade.Socially responsible consumption, which is the incorporation of social and environmental concerns by individuals in their consumption choices, is growing. The aim of this research is to verify the existence of different profiles of socially conscious consumers and to study their social representation of consumption.
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When the leaders of the US and the EU announced the conclusion of the bilateral Agreement on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) in 2013., through their statements on lowering the tariff barriers (which are anyway very low, averaging about 3%) it could be concluded that a new grandiose union, Euro - American Union. However, the decision of J M Barossa, president of the European Commission at the time, to declare the negotiations on TTIP ''secret'', began to awaken different doubts about the agreement itself. Common declarative statements by officials from both sides were that with TTIP through a reduction or total abolition of tariffs trade will be increased, which would result in many new employments. By declaring the negotiations secret, the crucial values of the EU have become questionable, transparency and democracy, and this represented only the tip of the iceberg. Latent, what public officials of negotiating sides do not want to talk about is the deregulation of the primary sectors of economic development, as well as the financial sector, which was the cause of the crisis in 2009.
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The protocol on accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO differentiates the obligations of Russia. The obligations provided by paragraph 1450 of the Report of the WTO Working Group which is part of the Protocol, including those concerning intellectual property, were supposed to be executed before accession to the WTO. Therefore, there are grounds for recognizing that it is currently impossible to enforce norms allowing representation of authors (owners) without contract, such as regarding collection of compensation for violation of the exclusive right, at the territory of Russia.
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