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The study looks at the ill-famed arsenic cases of Tiszazug from a micro-perspective. It became public in 1929 that in Nagyréve, Tiszakürt, Cibakháza and other villages women used arsenic rinsed out from fl y glue traps to poison those family members for whom providing under the miserable life conditions meant a fatal burden. The contemporary press attributed a lead role to the midwife of Nagyréve in the murders. This research focuses on her person. The paper addresses the question of whether Mrs. Fazekas’ role, tasks, status and being a confidante as a midwife is connected to the poisonings in which she was mainly accused of being the instigator and distributor of poison. How much infl uence could she have on the village dwellers due to her special status? Are the serious accusations and biased characterizations the midwife was subject to entirely true? What can be revealed from personal sources about the life and personality of Mrs. Fazekas? What picture of the social network of Nagyréve is emerging from the testimonies? The paper looks at the case form an entirely diff erent stance compared to the numerous existing studies and analysis hence may enrich the explanation of the poisoning cases with novel elements.
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The text discusses the court iles of the trial of an Oświęcim Camp Security guard, who in 1946, while on duty, shot an individual suspected of profaning remains of victims of the Auschwitz camp. This case remains the only known and such well documented instance of a killing of a ‘Canada man’ (Kanadziarz) by an employee of the Auschwitz Museum. The documents were produced by the Magistrate’s Court in Oświęcim, the Regional Court in Wadowice, and the Appellate Court in Cracow, where the security guard stood trial. The procedural materials, which include reports on interviews with witnesses and the defendant, the sentences passed by the two instances and their interpretations, and the appeals, are stored in the Archive of the Cracow Branch of the Institute of National Remembrance. They show how the territory of the former camp in Auschwitz was protected during the irst years after its liberation. Moreover, they are a valuable source when it comes to research on profanation of remains of victims of the Holocaust and the former concentration camps.
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The article is devoted to the depiction of medieval knights in selected historical novels by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, including those in the cycle Dzieje Polski (The History of Poland). The author of the article focuses on how the author of Stara baśń (An Ancient Tale)showed the elements of the caste’s ethos, rituals such as knighting, routines, competitions and symbols (sword). He concentrates on Królewscy synowie (The King’s Sons) (times andbattles of Bolesław Wrymouth and Zbigniew), where knighthood together with its ritualsand customs were particularly extensively described. Kraszewski’s novel is also interpretedthrough the prism of chansons de geste, and particularly The Song of Roland; its main protagonists being seen as counterparts of Roland (Wrymouth) and Ganelon (Zbigniew). The author also refers to the perception of a warrior as a „warrior of Christ”, studying Kraszewski’s characters of crusaders or Teutonic knights, and pondering over the place of Christian faith in the life of men at arms. He also demonstrates the gradual decline of the caste described by Bolesławita with regard to the progressing degeneration of values, the passing of heroes, development of military technology and changes in human mentality. In conclusion, the author indicates the virtues of knighthood that Kraszewski valued in particular and the aimhe pursued when emphasizing them in historical fiction.
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The study refers to the meteoric presence in medieval documents from Transylvania (1355) of an Armenian bishop named Martin of Tălmaciu, vicar of the archbishop of Esztergom. We think it is an interesting case for the implementation of the subordination's policy of the Armenian Rite by the figure of a vicar bishop or a diocesan vicar to the authority of the archbishop that oversees the ecclesiastical discipline in the territory of the provostship of Sibiu. In this business is involved also the cistercian abbey of Cârţa, that may have been implicated in the admission of the Armenians of Tălmaciu under the obedience of the Roman Church.
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Since two years the SOG attempts to clear its own historic legacies, a process strongly linked to the rise and fall of the Third Reich. Its former president, Rudolf Vogel, was redeployed to Albania for the last two years of World War II. In his memoirs he described a plenitude of circumstances and facts, which were – until now – known only through military and diplomatic files in the archives of Germany, Albania, Serbia and Italy. The article explains the occupation of Albania by German troops in September 1943 and how these dealt with the local circumstances and the Albanian elite. One of the most important pillars of the German occupation system was the employment of the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS “Skanderbeg”. In early 1944, Himmler obtained permission from Hitler to employ such an “Albanian Muslim Waffen-SS division”. This recruitment can be seen as a symptom of the precarious military situation and the lack of human resources on the German fronts. However, the effort to create a powerful fighting force in Albania failed. The German leaders tried to exploit local interethnic hostilities, but did not account for the Albanian social structures. Local clan chiefs and the common population as well did not act in the expected manner. Mass desertions proliferated as the Nazi withdrawal became increasingly obvious. Vogel sheds light on the post-Nazi period: There was a second Albanian division equipped with weapons of the former Albanian Muslim Waffen-SS unit. The local (civil) war still was not coming to an end.
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Stephan Scholz, Maren Röger, Bill Niven (red.), Die Erinnerung an Flucht und Vertreibung.Ein Handbuch der Medien und Praktiken, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2015,ss. 452.Stephan Scholz, Vertriebenendenkmäler. Topographie einer deutschen Erinnerungslandschaft,Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2015, ss. 435.
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The main aim of this article is to reconstruct the Ruthenian nobleman’s (szlachcic) perception of “us” and “the sphere of familiarity” in the second half of the sixteenth century and to place him within his respective communities and social groups by analyzing successive levels of his identity. It seems to be particularly important to study ideas and awareness of the common representative of the Ruthenian political nation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as scholars have so far been paying attention only to the notions of identity held by particular representatives of the elite, or else by intellectuals. Clientelist relationships of particular Ruthenian families, which are of crucial importance for reconstructing the complete image of the period, have not commonly been the subject of scientific research. The main thesis posited by this work is that the perception of one’s inner, familiar circle, of “us” as opposed to “them,” in the case of Ruthenian nobility was as multilevel as their national identity. To elucidate the posed questions, I am going to analyze Filon Kmita’s personal correspondence, his public, family and matrimonial relationships, the social practices he engaged in, and military and official environments to which he belonged. Such approach can help us not only to reconstruct the circle of relationships of this remarkable person but also to show how one of three primary nations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – the Ruthenians – was experienced from the perspective of one of its representatives.
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The aim of the article was to present ideas, e.g. on the angelology and demonology and superstitious practices, in the teaching of nineteenth-century’s rabbis, representatives of the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement. The analysed works: sermons, scientific publications and press releases, especially those written by the brothers David, Hermann and Manuel Joël, as well as examples of statements by other rabbis, scientists of the period, allowed to bring their spirituality and teaching concerning spiritual beings and magical practices associated with them. In teaching this unquestionably the most attention, however, they devoted to God and man, their mutual relationship based on Covenant and religion, and no angels or demons.
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Review: Paweł Dybel, Psychoanaliza – ziemia obiecana? Dzieje psychoanalizy w Polsce 1900–1989 [Psychoanalysis – the Promised Land? A History of Psychoanalysis in Poland 1900-1989], part I: Okres burzy i naporu: Początki psychoanalizy na ziemiach polskich okresu rozbiorów 1900–1918 [Sturm und Drang: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis on Polish Lands During the Partitions 1900–1918], TAiWPN Universitas, Cracow 2016, 264 pp.
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The purpose of this paper is carry out a short overview of the elements (documentary, narrative and cartographic) that mention "the walls of Iași", starting from the German stamps at the end of the 17th century and to the verbatim expression "at the wall" appearing in 17th and 18th century property deeds and other type of documents in Iasi, dating back to the same period. These historical data is corroborated to the cartographical and pictorial sources that include information on the ”walls” that might be found within the city of Iași.
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Ludwik Zamenhof (1859-1917) is known first and foremost as the creator of Esperanto – an artificial international language. Famous for his linguistic project, Zamenhof also attempted to create a new religious/national system that could be accepted by anyone, no matter their religion, ethnicity, or language. This system, first called Hillelism and later Homaranism, was Zamenhof’s original response to the so-called Jewish Question in late 19th- and early 20th-century Europe.
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The Late Roman complex of fortifications at Ibida (today’s Slava Rusă, Tulcea County) has provided in the last 15 years of systematic archaeological excavations a variety of "small-find" artefacts. Among the clothing accessories, brooches play an important role and the crossbow fibulas or Zwiebelknopffibeln are, by far, the best represented in the Late Roman period. This study analyses 16 pieces included in this last category, with three types and several variants and which chronological cover the entire 4th century AD. Frequently, the identification of such artefacts, especially in closed complexes, such as the tombs, can be extremely useful in the rendering of many ancient daily-life aspects. On the basis of the analysis of these objects several interesting conclusions can be drawn regarding the military presence in the central region of the Scythia province, the everyday life in a city at the boundary of the Empire, the possible the social stratification that could be flipped through such clothing accessories, the techniques of manufacturing such accessories, as well as their circulation over very large distances within the Lower Danube area and beyond.
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The Siete Partidas, the famous law code, of Alfons X. of Castile, written in the 13th century offers us a great variety of topics which have to be investigated more detailed. The central question is, which functions has the text besides being a law code? The encyclopedic character of this work, provides an insight into daily life of medieval Castile and mirrors the historical frame in which it was written. One of the central ideas of the Siete Partidas was to unify the existing „laws“ in the Kingdom of Castile. But, unification also means a centralization of the power which was embodied by the king. The fact, that this was not completely accepted by other powerful people of that time made it necessary for Alfons X. to legitimate his own power. This article highlights different functions of the Siete Partidas of King Alfons X. of Castile based on a discourse analysis and a hermeneutical interpretation.
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