Publikacje za rok 2004
List of publications on Wadowice and the surrounding area, which appeared in 2004.
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List of publications on Wadowice and the surrounding area, which appeared in 2004.
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At the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) are preserved a lot of cartographic sources, drawings, profiles, descriptions of cities very useful for researching issues related to urban history, topography, economy, etc. of Romania. The Romanian researches at the Russian State Military Historical Archive were started during the communist period, but then very few sources kept at this archive were copied and published. From 2018, we started a project whose purpose is the research of all cartographic sources, drawings, profiles, city descriptions, etc. So far, we have managed to copy over 150 dossiers and we published some of the historical sources discovered. In this contribution, in addition to data about the archive and Romanian research, we publish a part of the opis (inventory) of fund 438, a fund in which sources regarding the history of Romania are kept exclusively.
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This paper focuses on the portrait busts of a boy and a girl with features of the personifications of Sun and Moon found at the territory of Roman city of Nicopolis ad Istrum. The male bust has seven drilled holes on his head and the girl’s has only two probably done for placing a solar crown and a crescent moon. At the shoulders of the the young girl are moulded moon cusps typical for the iconography of Luna. The analysis of the iconographic and stylistic characteristics of the monumenthelps us specify its precise date and place it among other statues in Roman provincial art. The iconography, as well as the Latin inscription written on the base gives us a chance to discuss the funerary context and function of the two sculptural portraits shown in guise of Sol and Luna. The portrait is part of the group of monuments in formam deorum and it is dated in the end of 2nd c. AD.
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Numerous medieval manuscripts were copied by teams of scribes. As little as we know about the organization of manuscript copying in medieval Bulgaria and the relations between commissioners and doers, we know even less about the personalities of the scribes. Is it worth it then discussing on the subject since, to quote Richard Gameson, ‘collectivity and self-effacing humility and obedience were (or should have been) the norm for the monastics who undoubtedly comprised the vast majority of scribes in our period’? In his view it is the modern thinking that is susceptible to “human interest” and tends to admire individuality. Following his argument, Corinne Dale makes an apt distinction between scribe’s individuality and the human being behind a book by pointing out that if the scribes were not concerned with communicating their individuality, numerous colophons testify that their human labour and dedication was something they were keen to purvey to their readers. While such an understanding of medieval scribes’ ethics and limits in which they are supposed to speak about themselves must be a pre-condition of any modern investigation on medieval scribe’s “self”, a particular manner or writing and leaving a name on the book offered to God puts nevertheless an individual imprint on it. In practice, more often than not we see collectively copied manuscripts displaying the idiosyncrasy of scribes’ hands. Therefore the question who are these poor servants of the pen who make themselves known and remembered, in what circumstances their act of self-revealing was admissible, becomes even more insistent when addressing a group of collaborators. What we actually know about the medieval notion of working together is not much and it usually refers to distribution of texts or gatherings. As to the nature of a team which could be a settled one or travelling, or convoked if a need arises, the information is often uncertain, much more so for Bulgarian manuscripts of the periods to the late fourteenth century. This paper does not focus on paleographical methods of discerning hands, but tries to gain some insight into the circumstances in which a scribe in a team pronounces himself. Is it a permissible spontaneous self-expression or a gesture sanctioned by a privilege? Is it related to commission-and-payment conditions and does the situation differ from that when a single scribe signs or not a manuscript he has copied? The issue of individuality of scribes in medieval Bulgaria has not been studied nor are there many sources to cast light on it. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to examine some of the disputable points in a selection of Bulgarian manuscripts dated to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries – the Bologna Psalter, the Theodore Triodion, the Gruban Triodion, the Triodia Sin. slav. 23 and Sin. slav. 24, the Miscellany from the Russian National Library cod. Gil’f. 34, the Dobreisho Four Gospels. Each example represents a different case for which an explanation is offered. The provisory conclusions may be summarized in the following: the appearance of personal names in manuscripts copied by two or more persons is not submitted to written formulae resolutely different from those in manuscripts copied by a sole hand – except those indicating one’s share. Insufficiently explained remains the scribe’s motivation to sign – whether it is of business-like or non-material character. No specifically different context was detected for getting a person out of anonymity in comparison with the occasions when one copyist worked on a book. It comes to say that to understand the mechanism of individualization both situations should be studied in parallel. The impression is that the copyist, participating in fulfillment of a commission, did not feel himself bound by terms of collectivity but could react individually. Finally, the expediency of the offered research, here only outlined, is justified by the expectation that it could contribute to clarify the profile of an organization of the earlier calligraphic schools or copying centres and workshops. Their recognition and reconstruction of their activity is what we try to do, including the evidence about the individual ‘behind the book’. Any further investigation should be done on a larger scale and expanded theoretical grounds.
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In 1923 Matas Šalčius, suffering from various problems, was treated for five months in one of the clinics in Königsberg. At that time, he wrote a diary in which, in addition to his personal experiences, he emphasised the significance of the uprising of the Klaipėda region in the interwar Lithuanian political life. Šalčius also wrote about the former political tension in Königsberg in the eyes of Lithuanians when Klaipeda was officially declared a part of Lithuania. In the diary, Šalčius provided valuable information related to events organised by the Lithuanian Consulate General in Königsberg, and the people who worked there. While his health was improving, Šalčius was interested in the current issues of Lithuanian political life at that time: the diary reviews the disagreements between the members of the parties in the First Seimas (1922–1923), emphasising the non-participation of ethnic minorities in parliamentary activities, and noting the state apparatus of the young country.
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The paper discusses a bronze fibula (Fig. 1-1) found out of context in the area of Gradevo village (Fig. 2-1). It belongs to type AII3 – variant β according to Diana Gergova’s classification dated to the 8th–7th century BC. It is characterized by a single spiral, asymmetric profile, arched bow, and a rectangular plate with a horn-shaped ending. The bow has an oval cross section, and decoration of three vertical ribs with incised lines. The upper part of the plate is ornamented with bosses. The object is substantial, with relatively large dimensions (preserved length: 17 cm; weight: 120 g). During the second half of the Early Iron Age this fibula type was a popular element of the traditional costume in Ancient Thrace. The closest parallels in both geographical and typological context come from the Western Rhodope Mountains (Fig. 1, 2–9; Fig. 2, 2–6). Exemplars with a similar morphology and decoration are located in various regions of the Aegean. They are one of the typical representatives of the so-called Early Iron fibula koiné that also includes Inner Thrace (Fig. 1-11–14). To determine the elemental composition of the bronze alloy the fibula was subjected to archaeometric examination by the method of X-ray fluorescence analysis (copper: 81,405%; tin: 17,827%; arsenic: 0,334%; lead: 0,323%; cobalt: 0,111%). The obtained results show that the basic components from which the alloy was formed are the elements copper and tin. The low reported values of arsenic and lead are an indication that they were not deliberately introduced but present in the form of natural impurities. The comparatively high tin content (17.8%) is notable, as this percentage is rare among the fibulae from the Early Iron Thrace which have been studied thus far.
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The subject of the article is a copper coin (mangır) of Sultan Murad I (?) (1362–1389) found during archaeological excavations in the territory of Madara National Historical and Archaeological Reserve. The authors connect the specimen’s location near the fortress with its capturing by the Ottomans in the winter of 1388. There is a high probability that the coin belonged to a participant in the battle of Madara, or it could have been part of the monetary circulation in this area in the years after the conquest of the fortress. In favour of those assumption is the presence of a late medieval necropolis nearby, which suggests more intensive inhabitancy of the fortress. Future archaeological excavations within the boundaries of the Reserve and new scientific publications on Late Middle Ages (Early Ottoman period) will contribute to broaden our understanding of the region during that period.
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After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, one of the priorities of the Hungarian government was the creation of a railway network that would facilitate the economic development of the country. The boom in railway constructions and the general demand for iron products in the economy stimulated the investments in the metallurgic industry. Transylvania, the easternmost statistical region of the Kingdom of Hungary, was one of the richest lands in iron ore and coal. The state iron ore mines and furnaces around Hunedoara and the private company at Cãlan (Kalán, Klandorf) became the most important actors in the field. The state investments in Hunedoara and the German (later Viennese) capital inflow to Cãlan increased the production capacities and the quality of the products. The need for coal of the developing railway network encouraged coalmining. In Transylvania, the 1880s saw the beginning of large-scale coalmining in the Jiu Valley. Alongside the State Coal Mining Company, two large companies and a smaller private business were interested in the region. The French, and the Viennese capital in partnership with the big investors from Budapest, brought about the most important industrial developments in the southwestern part of Transylvania. Apart from coal extraction, they were interested in the processing of brown coal. The Uricani-Jiu Valley Company (with French and Austrian capital) also built coke ovens and a benzene distillery.
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The paper presents the history of the city of Reșița between 3 July 1771, when the first furnace became operational, and the year 2021, when Reșița University became part of Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, highlighting the major moments in the industrial and political history of the Banat Highlands: the Revolution of 1848–1849, the purchase of the local mills by the Steg, which integrated them in the larger European family of the heavy industry, the period of economic liberalism after 1918, the communist period and, finally, the post-communist period. The drastic reduction in industrial activity after 1990 was one of the greatest blows suffered by the region. The last decade of the communist period also saw the massive emigration of local Germans, followed into exile by many Romanians. However, the most important feature of this industrial city was the cohabitation by several ethnic groups, which shaped a lifestyle and a civil society with a vivid cultural life, carried out in the framework of book clubs, musical and canto associations, chamber orchestras, and also within the sports and leisure movement
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The industrial tradition of Reșița has its beginnings in the 18th century, but the production of machines began only in the second half of the 19th century with the construction of a steam-engine that participated in the World’s Fair in Vienna. In 1955, the Machine Construction Plant of Reșița delivered the 1,000th locomotive made here since the beginning of production. A few years later, in 1964, the communist authorities stopped the production of steam locomotives.
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The paper highlights the characteristics of the Reșița workers gymnastics and sports activity, promoted by the industrial development during its early existence and in the interwar period, based on the general characteristics and within in the broader framework of the Banat gymnastics and sports movement, as presented by the Banat German sports press. The Timișoara weekly newspapers Sportmontag (Sports Monday) and Sport-Anzeiger (Sports Advertizer), as well as the Arad Sport-Kalender für das Gemeinjahr 1934 (Sports Calendar for the year 1934) were examined in this regard. The most popular sport in Reșița was football, played by multiethnic clubs, unlike the German inspired gymnastics, which promoted a conservative and nationalist mentality.
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The study focuses on the relationship with the forest in the Transylvanian town of Sebeș (Mühlbach, Szászsebes) in the eighteenth century by starting from the following basic questions: “What do eighteenth-century maps tell about the forests around Sebeș?” and “How can these sources be interpreted?” The use of forests in this town during the period under analysis was mainly determined by agriculture and viticulture. At the time, these two economic branches were complementary because the expansion of farmland was conducted at the expense of forests, but in favor of viticulture which was the population’s main source of revenue. The development of viticulture led the rise of guilds specialized in wood-processing, especially coopers. In addition, tanners also contributed to the decline of oak trees as they used their bark to obtain tannin. The second half of the eighteenth century witnessed a heightened construction activity which was reflected in the growing use of stone and brick for better protection against fire, on the one hand, and in the reduction of forested areas due to increased demand for timber and firewood as well as due to deforestation for agricultural purposes, on the other. Its intensive use as well as the devastation caused by Wallachian shepherds in the area as a result of their pastoral activities led to the reduction of woodland on the territory of the Mühlbach Seat. This situation prompted authorities to adopt a set of measures aiming at the rational use of the town’s woodland. They were first mentioned in a speech by Councilor Andreas Welther considered the initiator of forest sustainability in Transylvania. The second major instance was the passing of the 1781 Forestry Act which, four years later, would complete this process of forestry modernization. One should also mention the creation of an alder park in Sebeș before the Forestry Act was passed, which did not serve economic purposes, but proves the existence of a walking culture in eighteenth-century Transylvania.
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The achievement of Greater Romania was the beginning of a complex process of unification of territories very different from each other in many respects (administrative, political, legal, etc.). This process took place in an unfavorable geopolitical and economic context, dominated by the consequences of the war and of the Treaty of Trianon. Transylvania’s position was particularly difficult, as a territory claimed by both Romanians and Hungarians. Throughout the interwar period, the Romanian elite had to defend the Romanian rights over Transylvania in response to Hungarian revisionist efforts. The recourse to history provided most of these arguments. This article examines how history was used as a tool both to counteract revisionist attacks and to strengthen the sense of belonging to the Romanian nation. The main source was the Romanian historical journals of the interwar period.
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Revue de Transylvanie appeared in Cluj as a reaction to the Hungarian propaganda that tried to accredit the idea that Transylvania, after becoming a Romanian province in 1918, had experienced a setback. The publication was founded in 1934—when it was clear that the dark clouds that had gathered over Europe threatened the new international order—at the initiative of Transylvanian intellectuals and with the financial support of the Astra Association. The Romanian state became financially involved much later, after the Vienna Arbitration, through the Center for Transylvanian Studies. More than 60 authors published studies in the journal, but the collaborators were much more numerous, if we take into account the other sections. However, only a few intellectuals and professors were permanent contributors of the publication, the heart and soul of the journal. We shall mention here those who published the most numerous studies, namely: Silviu Dragomir—9 studies, George Sofronie—8, Laurian Someșan—6, Coriolan Petranu—6, Ioachim Crăciun—4, and Ioan Lupaș—4. The medieval history research published in Revue de Transylvanie focused on important topics for the history of Romanians in Transylvania, namely: the presence of this population in the region before the arrival of the Hungarian tribes, the participation of their representatives in the political-administrative structures of the voivodeship, until 1437, the relations of the Romanians in Transylvania with the principalities from beyond the Carpathians, and the consequences of the Austrian reformist policy for the Romanian population in Transylvania.
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Only few studies approach the relationship between official propaganda materials and edutainment in the mass media dedicated to children and youth in socialist Romania. My research is meant to fill this gap. Therefore, the aim is to show how representations of development and space, of class and political identities are constructed in Romanian society through comics in Cutezãtorii (The Daring Ones) youth magazine. Textual and visual discourse analyses were employed to show how the propaganda machine of the Romanian Communist Party shaped these representations of territorial identity and the Romanian political culture, while enabling the construction of youth identities. The discursive strategy of power consisted of placing stories at building sites, and of continuously narrating the characters’ key features, such as love for work, love for the country, heroism, and honesty, all towards the construction of the modernized socialist Romania.
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The purpose of this article – making part of a cycle on forgotten American soldiers in the Great War – is to recall the participation of black Americans in the US war effort. Despite the racial tensions of the time, African Americans volunteered en masse to join the military in serving their country. As a result of racial segregation, two divisions of colour soldiers were established to take part in fights on the Western Front, and nearly 160,000 black recruits were sent to the Service of Supply (SOS) of the Army.
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This article is a critical commentary on Włodzimierz Mędrzecki’s book, Kresowy kalejdoskop. Wędrówki przez ziemie wschodnie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939 (Kaleidoscope of the Borderlands. Wanderings through the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic 1918–1939) (2018). The author takes up questions about the historical balance of Polish possession of the eastern territories, obtained in the aftermath of the 1919–1920 war with Soviet Russia, which was victorious for Poland.
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The publication contains a new translation of Sappho's "Hymn to Aphrodite" (Sapph. Fr. 1) into Russian. The translation is based on the latest papyrological discoveries, and a recent edition of songs and fragments of Sappho, published by Camillo Neri and Frederico Cinti (2017). Translation is accompanied by a comprehensive scientific commentary.
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