Ajaloolane kui elukutse ja kutsumus
Review of: Marek Tamm. Monumentaalne ajalugu. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 28–30. SA Kultuurileht, 2012. 206 lk.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Marek Tamm. Monumentaalne ajalugu. Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 28–30. SA Kultuurileht, 2012. 206 lk.
More...
The paper deals with the national activites of the Mitrovica priest Anđelko Nešić (1870–1941) during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire rule in Old Serbia. Although in the service of religion, his activity is primarly national, aimed at protecting the Serbian people and serving the interests of the Kingdom of Serbia in the Kosovo Vilayet. The paper covers the chronological period until the beginning of the First Balkan War in 1912.
More...
Review of: Sevastian Cercel, Georgeta Ghionea (coord.), 1821–2021. Bicentenarul revoluției conduse de Tudor Vladimirescu (1821–2021. The bicentennial of the revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu), Târgoviște, Cetatea de Scaun Press, 2021, 296 p.
More...
Review of: Ileana Roman, Tudor Rățoi, Enciclopedia Județului Mehedinți – Dicționar (Mehedinti County Encyclopaedia – dictionary), Drobeta-Turnu Severin, PRIER Press, 2021, 928 p.
More...
As a consequence of the entry of the USA into the First World War on 6 April 1917, those responsible for Romania's destiny took direct steps to strengthen support for the country abroad. For the American space, where hostile German and Hungarian propaganda had gained a large favourable media ground, being ably supported and generously financed, the mission entrusted to Vasile Lucaciu, Ioan Moța and Vasile Stoica proved to be providential. Through it - and especially through the only English-speaking and, moreover, military war hero, Vasile Stoica - the contribution to activating the reactions of Romanian Americans was radically improved. The pro-Romanian movement received not only consistent support, but above all, a dedicated leader with exceptional qualities and a remarkable cohesive force. He also had the gift of working with the leaders of the Romanian communities, as well as with the most influential American decision-makers. On February 22, 1918 - meeting in Youngstown - the Romanian Orthodox faction in the state of Ohio resolved to convene a church congress of all the churches in America to present the sufferings of the Romanians under foreign rule and to ask the support of the government and the President of the United States for their liberation from Austro-Hungarian rule and their full union with the mother country. In the name of 150.000 Romanian believers, the resolution was sealed. At the end of the Congress, 70 representatives, headed by priests Ioan Podea, Elie Pop, Nicolae Clonța, Cornel Foltuțiu, Octavian Mureșan, Teofil Roșca, Romul Doctor, Aurel Rău, Simion Mihălțean, Solomon Duma, Iuliu Holder, Irimia Delea, signed the Deed of worship and submission to the Holy Metropolis of Ungro-Wallachia. Their meeting, congress, they called it "a public assembly", and what set them onto they considered to be "a sense of justice and love of the Nation".
More...
The solemn atmosphere of the coronation of sovereigns Ferdinand and Marie as Kings of Greater Romania in 1922 was reflected not only in the extensive technical and administrative preparations, and the immense number of participants to the festivities, but also in the press materials that dedicated eulogies to the sovereigns, mirroring and illustrating the generally enthusiastic atmosphere. The present paper proposes to explore poems found in the newspapers edited during the days of the coronation and to analyse their content, while attempting to explain, through the images and themes employed by the lyrics, the people’s perceptions and mentalities concerning the kings of Greater Romania and their coronation. Reverential lyrics will be considered as a direct source of researching mentalities, as it is written on the occasion of a historical event – and generated by the historical event itself. Moreover, the myths and symbols that contribute to the construction of the discourse on the kings, the coronation and the Romanian nation will be emphasised.
More...
In the files kept at the National Archives, Alba County Service, in the holdings of the archpriestships and parishes of the current territory of Alba County, there is little information on royalty, the monarchy of Greater Romania, the problems of the priests and the community being oriented in a completely different direction. The priorities were different, naturally, of course, as long as the Romanian state had been created, had united its desired territories and had been recognised at the Peace Conference. The moment of the Coronation also seems to be viewed from a distance, with a certain detachment. Others came before: the salaries of priests, the reorganisation of denominational schools, keeping the faithful around the church, at a time when the war had disrupted the daily schedule of rural and urban communities alike. From 1922, the preparations for the Coronation ceremonies slowly began to be felt outside the town proposed as the venue for the ceremony: Alba Iulia. The sovereigns' paintings reached schools and church houses, as did the King's proclamation, rural communities were invited to take part in the ceremonies in Alba Iulia, and deserving priests were decorated or received the official Coronation medal.
More...
The paper explores the military manoeuvres held during the month of October, 1934, when Alba Iulia was the headquarter of the organisation. These manoeuvres became a tradition in the 1930s and were meant to create situations for the army as close as possible to real war conditions. The edition of 1934 was the largest organised until then, held in a large region including the counties Alba, Hunedoara and Sibiu and involving many resources as never before. Almost all of the army’s capacities were tested, from communications to transportation, from the construction of roads and bridges to the use of cavalry, infantry, tanks, aviation etc. during a possible conflict. This event also led to important improvements in the region, such as the construction or reparation of roads or bridges, which were later used by the local population. On the final day – 23 of October -, when the parade took place in a field near the town of Alba Iulia, king Carol II was present. Prime minister Gheorghe Tătărăscu, the high hierarchy of the Defense Ministry and foreign representatives were there as well. These special guests were accommodated in Alba Iulia, although the town didn’t have the proper capacity for such a deployment. The event gathered a lot of public from Alba Iulia and the vicinities and produced a positive and powerful impression with regard to the Romanian army. On the matter of historical methodology, the present article is based on several archive sources, a large number of articles from local or national newspapers and magazines, and a photo collection unpublished before. The text focuses on the event, trying to describe it in detail, but it also develops the context of some historical realities in the middle of the 1930s.
More...
The article aims to bring the Slovak and Romanian public closer to the specific participation of Romanian anti-fascist fighters in the Slovak National Insurrection during World War II (here referred to as ”SNP“). The public in Slovakia had ignored this historical fact for a long time, because Czechoslovak historians had almost always been concerned about the participation of the I. and the IV. Romanian armies in the liberation of Czechoslovakia (or Slovakia). Czech connoisseurs and lovers of the Romanian language and Romania, Mr. Konečný, Mr. Mainuš and Mr. Tejchman, had played a pivotal role in this direction. In the 1960s and 1970s, Romanian partisans had not yet been the focus of researchers' attention. The only exception was J. Hrozienčik's work “International Solidarity in the SNP” from 1969. In 1970, M. Tejchman and F. Nesvadba also began to devote themselves to the activities of Romanian partisans in Slovakia, but their first joint work was published in Romanian. Other interesting facts and circumstances about Romanian soldiers, their sacrifice, heroism and positive relations with the Slovak population can also be found in municipal and city chronicles. A more detailed analysis by historians and journalists started emerging only after 1989. Based on the tracking of movements of the Romanian armies from December 18, 1944 until the end of April 1945, the Romanians liberated almost half of Slovakia. With this article about the Romanian partisans in the SNP, we want to complete the heroic epic of the Romanian nation in the fight against fascism after August 23, 1944 not only at home, but also abroad.
More...
In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the history of the batch where the poet Radu Gyr was sentenced to death in 1959, based on the Securitate documents. Thus, we will analyse the national context in which the arrests took place, we will precisely identify the artisans of repression and their roles, we will decrypt the logic and methods applied by them in the investigations, and last but not least we will analyse the finality of the process, with its reverberations in the era.
More...
Diplomatic relations between India and Romania were established in 1957, when were raised to the rank of embassy. The moment triggered subsequent diplomatic visits. The aim of this research is to approach Chivu Stoica's visit to India in March 1958. The moment, important for the Romanian-Indian relations, was presented by the Romanian press in great detail. Chivu Stoica, the prime minister of Romania from 1955-1961 and the main man of Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej, was the one who led the delegation that met with Jawaharlal Nehru.
More...
For the Slavs, the dignity of knyaz represented the tribe's leader. The etymology of the term comes from the proto-German word kuningaz. The word that was initially used to denote the leader of the tribe was vladica, but this native term eventually lost primacy over the proto-German word mentioned above. The term that corresponds with knyaz and appears in the Greek texts is archon. The first Slavic written source where the term knyaz appears is the code of laws dated between the end of the IXth and beginning of the Xth centuries, called Zakón Súdnyi Liúdem - "Law for Judging the People". The evolution of the dignity has been influenced by the contact with Byzantine civilisation as a result of their diplomatic efforts to assure the defence of the Empire against the new arrivals in the Balkan Peninsula, the Slavs. For this paper, we shall compare the Bulgarians and the Serbs. Also, we shall analyse an exception to the rule, the Romanians where we shall shortly analyse the oldest documentary mentions about bearers of the title of knyaz. For the Bulgarians, the head of state did not bear the title of knyaz during the First Bulgarian Empire, neither before nor after adopting Christianity. During this period the ruler bore the title Khana Sybigy. This title was used along with the Greek term of archon due to the use of the terminology of the imperial court's chancellery. In the inscriptions dated before the adoption of Christianity by Boris, God is evoked, although his predecessors like khan Omurtag or Malamir were not Christians. After adopting Christianity, the titles of khan and the Greek title of archon were merged until the adoption of the imperial title of tsar by Boris's son Simeon. The title of knyaz is mentioned during the Second Bulgarian Empire, being the leader of a small community, usually rural. An example being the knyaz Belota. For the Serbs, both during the kingdom and the empire the title of knyaz did not have a role in the state's administration, but was held by important people at the king's and after the proclamation of the empire, the emperor's court, being an honorary title. An interesting case is that of Lazar Hrebeljanović who during the disintegration of the Serbian Empire adopted the title of knyaz instead of that of tsar because he did not wish to antagonise the other magnates in the empire. He doubled this title with another one ”Autocrat of all Serb”, thus emulating imperial authority and emphasising the most important attribute that emperor possessed. Through this showing his imperial ambition, and assuming de facto rulership over the disintegrating Serbian Empire.For the Romanians, the first knyazi mentioned are presented as leaders of local communities as is the case with the Romanians from Serbia. We can also observe the use of the term judge, the Serbian equivalent being sudtsvo. In the XIIIth century in the year 1247 in king Béla the IV's donation towards the Knights Hospitaller, Litovoi is mentioned as the ruler of a territory, called knezate/principality/duchy, which bore the name in the aforementioned donation of terra litua. Also, Litovoi does have military attributes not just from the title of knyaz but also from the title of voivode. For the title of knyaz similarities can be observed for the Romanians and Bulgarians, the knyaz being a local leader with judicial abilities judging minor cases. The main difference appears for the Romanians due to the military role of the knyaz. This is very interesting because it is very similar to the old Slav tribe leaders before they achieved statehood, fact suggested by the code of laws that we mentioned above.
More...
In the framework of the acquisition policy of goods with heritage value proposed by the National Museum of Unification Alba Iulia, it has been possible to acquire some remarkable pieces belonging to various categories, from documents to pieces of fine art and old books. The bibliophilic pieces usually relate to Romanian printing, yet European printing products have not been omitted, especially when these are related to the Romanian area. This study tackles the acquisition of two old books from the 18th century which – at one time– were part of the library of the Holy Trinity Monastery in Blaj, a fact revealed by the handwritten bookplates kept on the leaves of the two volumes.
More...
Review of: Nicoleta Hegedűs, Csaba Horváth, Vlad Popovici (editori), Portrete de ofițeri de origine română din Armata de Honvezi (1868-1918), Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2020, 464 pagini. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași (serie nouă), Istorie, Tom LXIV/2018, Număr special / Special issue, Marea Unire a românilor (1918) - Istorie și actualitate / The Great Union of the Romanians (1918)-History and Actuality, volum editat de Petronel Zahariuc, Adrian Bogdan Ceobanu, Adrian Vițalaru, Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, 718 pagini. Armando Pitassio, La federazione perduta. Cronache e riflessioni sulla dissoluzione della Jugoslavia e sui Balcani occidentali, prefazione di Milica Uvalić, Morlacchi Editore U.P., Perugia, 2021, 405 pagine. Qualestoria. Rivista di storia contemporanea, Anno XLIX, 2021, N.ro 1, Giugno, Edizioni Università di Trieste, 438 pagine. Ioan Dumitraș, Geamăna, o filă ruptă din istoria României, vol. I-II, Editura Altip, Alba Iulia, 2020, cu o prefață de prof. univ. dr. Doru Radosav, text și ilustrații alb-negru și color, 315+341 pagini. Călin Hentea, România. Album de istorie comunistă: 1948-1989, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2021, 198 pagini.
More...
The Herzegovina uprising in 1882, as the uprisings that preceded it, represent a specific period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Numerous studies were conducted to clarify this topic and the significance of the Herzegovinian uprising for the entire Bosnian society and its position in world trends. We can find sources on this topic in heritage institutions throughout the country and outside its borders. This work aims to present the results of research and unification of materials from the legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and documents about the Herzegovina Uprising in the funds of the NULB&H, Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the funds of Austrian libraries and archives. The material is presented through a bibliography with accompanying registers and will serve as a starting point for all researchers and users dealing with this topic. At the same time, it will bring a significant overview of this part of our history.
More...
Based on the available archival material and additional literature, this paper approaches the analysis of the textbooks of the Bosnian Franciscans Ambroža Matić and Augustin Miletić from the sociolinguistic aspect in the context of language naming and linguistic identity. = The textbooks serve as examples from the corpus of our initial textbook literature referring to the early period or the very beginning of the contemporary (more modern) type of public schooling in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the aim of looking at identitarian language issues closely related to the issue of national identity. The starting point is the curriculum of the state (Franciscan) primary school in Tolisa (Orašje) from 1823, on the basis of which we can speak of a significant jubilee that today marks two centuries of a particularly important tradition: the official Bosnian language at the beginning (in the early period) of modern public schooling in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the paper shall analyze textbooks from the beginning of the 19th century, at a time when the processes of nationalization and significant mutual identitarian alienation of the local population had not yet taken root.
More...
Written sources indicate the appearance of the cavalry in the 9th – 8th century BC in Asia Minor (Assyria and Urartu), and in Southeast Europe (Scythia and Thrace) in the 6th – 5th century BC. Archaeological data show that the bridle for riding in Southeast Europe was widespread in the 8th – 7th century BC (Ancient Thrace). In the 7th century BC horse burials are also more common. This leads to the conclusion that in the 8th – 7th century BC there is a cavalry in Southeast Europe. Hellenic written evidences of cavalry in Southeast Europe (Scythia and Thrace) coincides with images of king-riders and culminates in the practice of ritual burial of horses. This set of source data coincides with the peak manifestations in the state-building activity of the Odrysians, Getae, Scythians and other ethnic states in Southeast Europe in the 5th – 4th centuries BC. The findings of the reins here show that cavalry in these lands was not created as an external loan, but a local phenomenon. The appearance of cavalry in Antiquity was a polycentric phenomenon. It has been attested since the beginning of the first millennium BC, both among West Asian and Southeastern European societies. In essence and purpose, cavalry is the new weapon of the ruling elites, which replaces the chariot drawn by horses and becomes a universal phenomenon in Antiquity.
More...
The article examines rich burial complexes from the early Hellenistic era in Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece, in which breastplates of the „Mezek“ type and the „Golyama Kosmatka“ type were found. In most of them, among other finds, round appliques of gold or silver, in the shape of a rosette or a lion‘s head with a hole in the middle, as well as gold or silver rings, were found. There are parrallels between images of warriors dressed in composite corslet on murals and mosaics, as well as preserved sets of appliques on iron cuirasses from Vergina, Agios Athanasios, Prodromi and Berdyanka, which confirm the place and function of these appliques as part of composite corslet. The collected data allows us to express the thesis that rich grave burials during the early Hellenistic era typically featured a parade breastplate with composite corslet placed in a set, the decorative appliques of which survive to reach us.
More...
Contemporary social processes in the current, digital-information era, obviously lead to the intersection of production processes of different social spheres and human activities, such as the fields of communications and architecture. The original ideas and expectations regarding the results of their relationships, thus, experience a kind of “twisting”, because they lead to modern forms of closure and new, often physically invisible differences and borders, instead of the complete disappearance of borders, the realization of liberating potentials through new forms of communication and true improvement of the quality of life. Thе analysis of the intersection of architecture and communication in the current social reality is therefore directed towards the application of new communication framework in contemporary architectural projects, and for such reason also towards the functioning of architecture as a para-communication discipline in the context of the use of new media, the fusion of virtual and real space, and their use by citizens. This article, therefore, examines whether newly formed settlements and communities encourage the disappearance of borders and the emergence of a new public sphere in which the categories of the public and public opinion are revitalized, or a new type of ghettoization as a result of the contemporary dehumanization of such living environment – which means the isolation of individuals but also of entire communities – thus also the basis for new types of divisions of still uncontrolled and insufficiently known proportions.
More...
The paper is dedicated to Jovan Milinković, the agent of the Šabac region, and his Memoir on the activities of the Secret Organization of Ilija Garašanin in the eastern and northeastern parts of the Bosnian Eyalet (Bijeljina, Tuzla, Gradačac, Maglaj, Zvornik and Birač nahiya) in the period from the beginning of 1850 until the summer of 1851. The Memoir is so far the only known testimony of the immediate participant – the agent, about the work of the Secret Organization in the mid-19th century. The original manuscript is kept in the State Archives of Serbia in the Collection of Radoslav Perović. The paper presents Milinković’s most complete biography and his critically prepared and presented Memoir, which is one of the most important sources for studying the activities of Garašanin’s Secret Organization at the very beginning of the 1850s.
More...