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This study deals with Bohemian and Moravian students at five Reformed institutes of higher learning in the territory of current Germany and Switzerland in the period of 1575–1620. In particular, it traces their presence at universities in Basel, Heidelberg, and Marburg, and academies in Herborn and Geneva. Each of the selected institutions is introduced in a cameo, which in addition to a brief history of the school mentions also the most important professors in relation to Bohemian and Moravian scholars. This is followed by an analysis of the two groups, i.e., the Bohemian and Moravian scholars, whereby the author follows two factors: social background of the matriculated scholars and changes in peregrination over time. Data pertaining to the individual institutions are then compared and analysed in a separate summary chapter. The study also includes revised lists of Bohemian and Moravian students at the selected schools during the period of interest, i.e., 1575–1620.
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This study maps the organisation, contents, and teaching staff of theological and philosophical education in the Capuchin Order and compares it with what was common in other religious orders and at public universities, especially the Charles–Ferdinand University in Prague.
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This study is dedicated to the Austrian physicist Edmund Weiss (1884–1932) and his time as assistant at the Institute of Physics of the German University in Prague in 1906–1914. Particular attention is paid to his 1911 habilitation work on the elementary quantum of electricity, which he measured in experiments with ultramicroscopic silver particles. In this work, Weiss repeated the measurements of Vienna physicist Felix Ehrenhaft. Unlike he, Weiss managed to confirm – with the help of Einstein’s 1905 formula for Brownian molecular motion – the value of elementary quantum of electricity, which had first been established by R. A. Millikan in his ‘oil drop’ experiments. Albert Einstein, at that time (in 1911–1912) professor of theoretical physics at the German University in Prague, praised Edmund Weiss and his work at the First Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels in autumn 1911. Details of Weiss’s habilitation work at the Institute of Physics in Prague were described in letters written by Anton Lampa, professor and director of the institute, and addressed to the doyen of Viennese physics Viktor von Lang. Full texts of six of Lampa’s letters (in German) are appended to the study.
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This contribution presents the collections of Classical archaeologist Wilhelm Klein (1850–1924), kept in the Archive of the Charles University, which have recently become accessible to researchers. Klein worked at the German Charles–Ferdinand University (later German University) in 1886–1923. Surviving correspondence demonstrates this Prague professor’s involvement in the communication networks of contemporary Classical archaeologists and art collectors, and not only German and Austrian ones. Of special importance is his correspondence with the archaeologist Ludwig Pollak. Appended at the end of the study are selected letters by Ludwig Pollak, Alphonse Van Branteghem, Eugénie Sellers Strong, Heinrich Alfred Schmid, and the mathematician Georg Pick.
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This study outlines the position of German universities in the Czech Lands after the Munich Agreement on the secession of Czech border areas of 30 September 1938. A short introduction explains the situation in the autumn of 1938, when various German officials issued a number of proclamations and memorial volumes in which they expressed their views on the subject of German schools either remaining in their current locations or moving to the ceded areas (Liberec/Reichenberg), eventually even to occupied Austria (Linz). The core of this study consists of an edition of four documents from October and November 1938, in the original German version, which are presented to the public for the very first time in extenso.
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Review of: Serhii Plokhy, Vrata Evrope: Zgodovina Ukrajine, Založba UMco , Ljubljana, 2022, 548 strani
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Kars Province, which is Türkiye’s gateway to the Caucasus, due to this geographical location is strategically important. The fact that Kars is rich in water resources, fertile lands and mineral deposits adds value to its strategic importance. Thus, the richness of the Eastern Anatolia Region particularly in terms of mineral deposits, has attracted various societies towards itself. In this regard, in the ancient era, the Assyrians organized campaigns against the region. It is understood from the tablets, which include records of these campaigns, that the region was advanced in terms of mineral processing. After the Urartian State was established in the region, it has taken over the technological advancement, becoming the master of the mining technology. During the development phase of the Urartian State, there was need for raw materials; thus, to satisfy the needs of its industry, Urartian kings from the Ispuini-Menua period onwards organized expeditions to the northern regions. The Iron arrowheads in the Kars Museum are pieces that are from that era. On the other hand, the Bronze arrowheads were used with the arrival of the Scythian and Cimmerian communities to the region, who employed mercenaries to the Urartian armies. In our study, we will take a look at Urartian mining, examine the Urartian weapons, the construction techniques of weapons and arrowheads, the arrow typology and properties, and examine the Urartian arrowheads available in the Kars museum.
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The Türkiye Seljuks managed to leave their mark on the medieval Anatolian Turkish history with their struggles against the attacks of the Crusaders known as the “Crusades” to end the existence of Islam and Turks. After losing the capital Iznik in the Crusade of 1097, Sultan I. Kilij Arslan tried to protect the survival of the state and ensure the Turks to be permanent in Anatolia with the diplomatic initiatives he established against the Crusaders. Sultan I. Kilij Arslan, who opposed attacks of the Crusader with great courage and clever diplomacy, tried to do everything that needed to be done in the struggle for survival. In this article, the reasons for the I. Crusade, the political establishments with which the Türkiye Seljuk State had diplomatic relations, the diplomacy carried out with Byzantium for the surrender of Iznik in the Crusade of 1097, the issue of diplomatic relations established by Sultan I. Kilij Arslan with other Turkish states, principalities and emirs against the Crusades of 1097 and 1101 will be considered and the destruction of the Crusader armies in Merzifon, Konya and Eregli as a result of the successes achieved in these relations will be examined.
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In the 1950’s, when the Cold War struggle gained momentum, Türkiye was one of the countries in which Soviet Russia, which carried out espionage actions in many countries, tried to be effective. The Russians engaged in intense espionage action in the eastern provinces as well as in Istanbul and Ankara. Many spy scandals, the arrest and trial of captured spies marked this period. Türkiye, feeling itself under the direct threat of Soviet Russia, determined upper-limit penalties for captured Russian spies. Moreover, in fact that both of the two espionage cases given the death penalty between 1950-1960 were applied to those who spied on behalf of Russia, is important in terms of showing Türkiye’s sensitivity to Russian espionage actions. The espionage incident in Erzurum, which was the subject of one of these two cases, was the eastern reflection of Russia’s expansionist policy, which coincided with is ongoing ambitions. In this study, the nature of the espionage activities, carried out by Soviet Russia in the east of Türkiye was discussed on the basis of Russian espionage case, took place in Erzurum in 1953.
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This study focused on the trip of the Japanese Captain Haroshiya Hirayama, who entered the Ottoman Country in the last days of 1906 as a result of the desire of the Japanese State to define the Near East, from Istanbul to Basra. During this trip, which the Japanese state carried out for imperial purposes, the Japanese captain visited what points in the geographies of Anatolia, Syria and Iraq, what relationships he could develop with the social structures of these places, and what meanings the superpowers of the era, such as Germany and Great Britain, especially the Ottoman State, attached to such special trips in his particular work was particularly focused on. Although the study devotes itself to studying all these subheadings, it also aimed to open a window from Türkiye to Far Eastern studies using archival materials in Türkiye. Thus, with this method, a bunch of the history of the Far Eastern states that have not been studied much in Türkiye was presented and it was desirable that more researchers would be directed to this area by setting an example. Finally, the study criticized the belief that the phenomenon of imperialism is a duty only for the European states and opened the discussion of the thesis that the states located in the Far East also act with this mission from time to time in the historical process.
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The studies considered to be the origins of the Internationals Relations (IR) discipline in Japan date back before the Meiji Period. The Japanese victory over Russia in 1905 extended the IR’s scope to include Japan, as in many other topics. Yet, the discipline in Japan, under the influence of the German staatslehre tradition (German general theory of the state) for a long time, declared as the scapegoat of defeat in the Pacific War was dulled until the 1970s. Nihonjinron tradition (日本人論 - focusing on the Japanese national and cultural identity) became prominent with its broader discussion on comprehensive security, human security, and pacifism. This study, handling the evolution of the IR discipline from the beginning of the Meiji period through periodization, presents extra importance in terms of the discipline’s transformation in the post-1973 period. In the end, the development of the discipline, the alternation of its concepts, and gain of its present meanings are analyzed with reference to the numerical increase in IR and field studies.
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Albanians with a predominantly Muslim population, had the privilige of being one of the ruling-nations of the Ottoman Empire alongside the Turks for five centuries. While Türkiye, under the leadership of Atatürk, followed a completely independent policy after the establishment of the republic in 1923, Albania, in the absence of a leader like Atatürk, made concessions to Italy and under the influence of that country transformed from Republic to a Kingdom. The Italians prevented Albania from joining the Balkan Pact, and later on invaded the country. Zog, the King of Albania abandoned his crown and his throne with his two-days-old son and his post-partum wife and sought refuge first in Greece and then in Türkiye. The original contribution of this article to the literature lies in the fact that it is the first work to examine the two-months long (May 03-July 01, 1939) forced stay of the deposed King in Turkey. Since no documents can be found either in the Turkish Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the Republican Archives of the State Archives on King’s forced stay in Turkey, this study is based on the articles published in the Turkish newspapers of the era. This study is limited to King Zog’s asylum in Turkey, and do not discuss issues such as the reflections of the occupation of Albania on the Turkish press or Turkish foreign policy, as they are the subject of other scientific studies.
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In the fifteenth century, there were two different Iskender Bey serving in Rumelia. These two historically important figures, serving in the same century and in the same geography, often caused confusion. The main aim of this article is to discuss Iskender Pasha, the servant of Mehmed II and explain his activities in the fifteenth century Rumelia. Iskender Pasha was appointed by Mehmet II. as the Bey of Bosnia Sanjak in 1475. He served in this position until the end of the reign of Mehmed II. and continued his successful raids during the reign of Bayezid II. who appointed him as the Gavernor of Rumelia in 1483. After serving in this position for two years, he was appointed back as the bey of Bosnia sanjak in 1485. The appointment of Iskender Pasha multiple times as the bey of Bosnia sanjak is closely related to his successful raids as well as his knowledge of the region. He was promoted to the rank of vizier by Bayezid II. in 1489 and served in this position for ten years. Towards the end of his life, with the starting of the Ottoman-Venetian Wars, Bayezid II, with the aim of benefiting from his experience, reassigned him once again as the bey of Bosnia sanjak. Iskender Pasha continued his military and administrative activities until the last years of his life and died in 1505. Iskender Pasha is also famous for the intelligence network that he has established. In this context, he gathered information through his spies about the operations of various states in the Italian Peninsula. Through this he tried to change the balance of power in the region in favor of the Ottoman Empire. This study discusses the historical personality of Iskender Pasha and his activities in Rumelia in the light of the documents from the Ottoman archives, chronicles and copyright-review works.
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In addition to the libertarian and constitutionalist ideas that spread rapidly after the French Revolution of 1789, the modern nationalist ideas affected people in many parts of the world, especially in Europe, and paved the way for rebellions, particularly in empires with diverse beliefs and ethnic identities. One of these multinational states was the Ottoman Empire. Especially since the first quarter of the 19th century, it had to face separatist movements in the Balkans, which had been under its sovereignty. Albania was the last Balkan state to gain independence in 1912 as a result of separatist movements. In the process towards independence, the rebellious movements that started, especially among the Catholic Albanians (Malisors/ Malissori), affected the Muslim Albanians as well, due to discomfort with the practices of the Ottoman State administration, and led to the declaration of independence. Contrary to high number of studies on the rebellion, there are few studies on how the rebellion was preceived in different regions of the Ottoman state. The aim of this study is to briefly explain the reasons for the Malisör uprising in Albania, then to examine its effects in Trabzon, an Ottoman province quite far from the region. It will explore the emotions and ideas that emerged against the rebellion in the province and the reactions that ensued. Additionally, this study aims to provide an example of the attitudes of the people towards an issue that threatens the future and integrity of the State.
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The Nestorians living in the Hakkari Sanjak of the Empire started to create problems within the weakening Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century with the encouragement of the Western missionaries. The Nestorians began ignoring the authority of the Empire because of the promises of independence made by England and Russia. Nestorians continued to maintain their relations with western powers on the eve of World War I. They wanted to go under Russian protection, it was particularly the case after the operations carried out by the Russians in the South Caucasus. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire took some measures including tax exemptions in order to increase the loyalty of the Nestorians to the state and decrease the influence of the western power over them. Furthermore, the Nestorians were promised with arms supplies by the state so that they would not engage in activities against the state. However, the efforts of the Ottoman Empire did not produce any results. Mor Şemun, the leader of the Nestorians, allied with the Russians and decided to support the Allies in World War I. Following that decision, the Ottoman Empire deployed soldiers including the ones from the Kurdish tribes to the region. Ultimately, the Nestorians were defeated by the Ottoman forces and migrated to Iran. This study, in the light of archival sources, aims to investigate the Nestorian revolts that became a significant problem in the Hakkari Sanjak as they joined World War I on the side of the Allies.
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In this article, an assumption has been made that in power centres, settlement concentration was accompanied by accumulation of goods, capital and weapons. Within the Przeworsk culture, the area in question encompassed the basins of the Prosna and the Warta. It remains uncertain if the area can be associated with the so-called Lugii Grove, a centre of political and religious power described by Tacitus.
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Maksymilian Studniarski, a teacher and an involved citizen from Poznań, a co-founder and member of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences (PTPN), has slipped to oblivion. To date, a biography of the first conserver-restorer and custodian of the collection of the PTPN Museum has not been written. This article presents his life and focuses on the most important facts in it, the functions he performed in various societies, his academic and popular-science activity as well as the history of his family – the ancestors and descendants alike.
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