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textile art, queer art, political art, minority stress, teens’ suicides
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nation, politics of memory, patriotism, retrotopia, power, discourse
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In the first part of the article, the purpose of which is to introduce the subject matter to the reader, the author has made a brief description of the changes aimed at popularizing civil defense training in educational institutions in the second half of the 1920s and 1930s. A general outline of the institutions responsible for the defense training of the young generation has been presented, and a characteristics of the objectives and tasks in the preparation of young people in this field in school scout troops has been made. The author has also discussed the organizational structure of the school scout troops of civil defense, and briefly presented the curriculum for the different civil defense ranks. However, the core of the publication concerns general civil defense summer camps. In short subsections, basing mainly on archival sources, the author has attempted to present the issues related to the organization and course of these camps in Pomerania. Recruitment methods and requirements for camp participants have been described in the article. The author has presented the organizational structure of the civil defense summer camps, the military training they covered, the daily agenda and disciplinary requirements. He also described the role of civilian counsellors and educators in the process of patriotic education of young people, as well as the final exams for the 2nd rank in civil defense.
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The elimination of Franz Kutschera by the soldiers of the 1st platoon of the „Pegasus” company (later the „Parasol” battalion) is one of the most famous military actions of the Polish underground. Until the 1990s, the post-war narrative about the events of February 1, 1944 was based on the accounts of those participants of the operation who survived the war and on a brief report sent by the commander of „Pegasus” to Colonel „Nil”, and it was consolidated by P. Stachiewicz’s book „Parasol”. The documents published in 1993 and 2016 – the report of the deputy commander of the „Kutschera” operation and the cover letter of the commander of „Pegasus” attached to it – questioned this narrative. The article traced the development of the story about the operation against the „executioner of Warsaw”, indicating that the commander accepted this version which contained the most discrepancies in comparison with the records in the conspiracy period documents.
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These five Hellenistic stamps provide chronological milestones for dating the occupation of this site for more than two centuries, from the second third of the 4th century to the second half of the 2nd century. They bear witness to the spread of goods from the Greek world in the settlements of non-Greek populations along the Danube valley.
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In unclear conditions, which exclude an archaeological excavation, a small hoard composed of six Geto-Dacian silver coins of the Inotești-Răcoasa type was discovered near the town of Hațeg, at the point "Valea Baciului - Dealul lui Văleanu". They are specific to the period corresponding to the end of the 2nd century and the first two to three decades of the 1st century BC. The modest hoard arrives in the local milieu from the north of the Danube, most likely ready-made. It is similar to two others discovered in Dobrogea that contain the same type of coins, more precisely, the hoards from Cochirleni and Somova.
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The paper discusses some Early Iron Age knobbed ring types discovered in central, eastern and southern parts of Europe. Rings with 2 to 5 granules forming a rosette, those with pegs to which 3—5 beads are attached, and some with single knobs are considered. The research sample consists of 188 finds from 67 sites. A typology of the artifacts is proposed, with two orders, six ring types, and a series of subtypes and varieties. The knobbed ring types under study existed mainly from the 6th until the 3rd century BCE, while the youngest specimens are extremely rare and date back to the 2nd — 1st century BCE. The main areas of their distribution are the Northern Black Sea region and the Balkan-Carpathian region.
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In 2020, barrow 1 in the Qyzylzhartas burial ground, Karaganda region, the Republic of Kazakhstan, was excavated. The barrow of the Early Saka period had a crepidome in its base, and the mound itself had 37 m in diameter and was surrounded by a stone fence with a diameter of 56 m. Under the mound, there were three stone sculptures depicting two males and a female, while another one, representing a male, was placed in the dromos of the grave. The burial had been robbed in the past. The burial pit contained part of the bones of a human skeleton, near which over 300 small pieces of gold decoration were found. An iron axe head has 21.3 cm of length and 1.7 kg of weight and was found near the burial pit. In the spring of 2023, two bone samples were analyzed by the Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry ‘Vilnius Radiocarbon’, Lithuania. The one was a human bone found in the grave, and the other was an animal bone from a tunnel dug by robbers. Both archaeological evidence and a radiocarbon date obtained from a human bone sample suggest the 8th century BCE to be the most relevant date for the burial. It is the same time range that the massive axe head of archaic appearance, made of a piece of iron, apparently dates back to. This is the first discovery of an iron axe head of the early Saka period in Kazakhstan. In 2022—2023, metallographic and chemical analyzes of the iron tool were carried out. The results of these analyzes are published for the first time in this paper. The bits of the axe head were found to have been carburized by an ancient blacksmith in order to impart hardness onto these spots. The Vickers hardness test confirmed this observation by comparing the bits and the shaft-hole part of the axe head.
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Composition of 147 vessel glass samples from a cemetery of late 1st — late 4th / early 5th centuries, completely excavated on the outskirts of Sevastopol, has been studied with LA-ICP-MS technique. This data allows evaluating glass recycling practices in the workshops producing vessels for regional population. The data on vessel forms, their spread in the cemetery and the chemical composition of glass could yield the circumstantial evidence on the local glass working (most probably, in Chersonessos), time of its emergence and peculiarities. Glass vessels become widespread here from the 2nd century, and serial types, made of the “mixed” Sb-Mn glass occur at the same period. It could be related to the emergence of local glass working, based on the raw glass imported from Eastern Mediterranean, and the extensive glass recycling. Large-scale recycling is also typical for the late series of glass (and vessel types) especially widespread here (Foy-3.2, 3.2/2.1). Local glass working was therefore based on extensive use of cullet; this peculiarity is usually typical for the periphery of the Roman Empire, lacking the imported raw glass. Glass of the Egyptian origin form Frontovoe has much more pronounced evidence for recycling than of the Levantine one.
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The research scope covers funeral and commemorative complexes of city sites and necropoleis of classical antiquity in the North Pontic area. Two types of such complexes were distinguished by the authors on the basis of the archaeological record. The first one is spatially associated with individual burials in necropoleis. A series of events may have taken place there, such as feasts following immediately after a burial ceremony, rites of revisiting graves in a long while after the funeral, as well as those dedicated to deceased ancestors and held during annual celebrations. Complexes of the second type were discovered both in necropoleis and in city sites. Basically, these were not associated with individual graves, being most likely a result of gradual transformation of complexes of the first type. It is actually these places wherein elaborated magical actions have been performed with an eye to unite all family members into a solid spiritual force.
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In this paper, twelve marble “medallion” capitals of the Holy Land are collected together, stylistically analyzed, and dated for the first time. For a better understanding of their geographical distribution, the places of recovery were marked on the map. In the recent article of C. Barsanti (2017), only 40 capitals of this type were collected throughout the whole Mediterranean region, so the number of local artifacts is rather considerable. None of the local capitals was revealed in situ but only in secondary use in the Early Islamic context or scattered at the sites. In all cases, Early-Byzantine churches dated to the 5th — 6th centuries CE were located in close vicinity. The paper consistently provides them as apparent sources from which the capitals might be hypothetically generated. Stylistic analysis showed the process of order alteration: the recognizable morphological basis of the type was followed (though not strictly) in all specimens. At the same time, ancillary details might vary considerably from one capital to the other. This process implies gradual order decline moves from more complete and detailed to more laconic variations of the “medallion” type.
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The article deals with the localization of the Bilistan fortress, which, according to the authoritative Arab historian Ibn A’tham al-Kufi (d. 926), was besieged by Arab troops led by the governor of Arminiyya Marwan ibn Muhammad in 120 AH / 738 CE during the conquest campaigns in the East Caucasus and in which the king of Lakz Arbis ibn Basbas took refuge. According to al-Kufi’s Kitāb al-futūḥ (The Book of Conquests), this fortified settlement was located in the Land of Lakz in the middle reaches of the Samur River. In 2019, a hypothesis based on a linguistic-etymological and toponymic analysis was proposed by one of the authors of this article, according to which this historically attested site could be located in the middle reaches of the Samur River, in the area of the modern-day village of Kuysun. Discovered here in 2023, a settlement with a fortified citadel as well as the ceramic material collected there enable the dating of the site to the 6th — 8th century. Hence, there is a strong argument for localizing the Bilistan fortress exactly where the recently discovered Kuysun settlement is situated.
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A new find of stone sculpture of the ancient Turkic times (7th — 8th century) from Northern Kazakhstan is published, and the description and attribution of the find are given. The statue represents a stately figure of a sitting man. Such statues are quite rare in the Tobol River region; at the same time, they are markers of the area of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Hence, the sample of this kind of archaeological record is gradually replenished with finds, which enables reconstruction of a picture of cultural and historical processes in the steppe belt of Eurasia in the times of the early Turkic states. Taking into account the small number of findspots and sites of the ancient Turkic period in the region, which is due, among other things, to the agricultural development of land, each find of stone sculpture is of particular importance.
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