We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This article tackles the problem of how we understand the Other – a problem related to the dichotomy of ‘us vs. them’ in divided communities. Nycz identifies two dominant positions in this area: the Eurocentric position, which corresponds to European and North American anthropology’s universalist approach, and multiculturalism, which recognizes the equality of cultural variants. Both perspectives, Nycz argues, have reached an impasse: the first because by has appropriated the debate and attained a dominant position over the Other, and the second because it tends to stifle theoretical conflict, which risks weakening its ethical engagement. Nycz postulates a different approach. The ability to see individuals and the community (culture) from the perspective of the Other (a perspective that may be internalized or external) is posited as an inherent element of critical self-knowledge. Bakhtin’s notion of ‘outsidedness’ or ‘exotopy’ (vnenakhodimost) represents for Nycz a solid foundation to develop a universal category of historical cultural anthropology.
More...
U kasnome petnaestom stoljeću narodi Europe pokrenuli su veliki val širenja koji je do sredine dvadesetoga stoljeća cijeli svijet, u manjem ili većem stupnju, doveo pod utjecaj europske civilizacije. Širenje rope krenulo je u oba smjera – sa zapada morem, s istoka kopnom.
More...
While the statistical results of the project about empty housing in Wallonia (Belgium) are mainly communicated from a scientific point of view, the media give their autonomy to these results, offering them to the civil society. It appears that this mediatized treatment of the statistical results occurred following parliamentary questions at the Walloon Parliament about the empty housing issue, notably in relation to a public policy waiting for its execution order. On the basis of an exhaustive corpus (from the media and the parliamentary questions), we analyse the influence of this autonomy on the extended Phase of the research, precisely financed in relation to the implementation of the above mentioned public policy.
More...
This paper discusses the processes of domestic life modernization in Lithuania in the 20th century. Two main campaigns of everyday life modernization are specified – one took place in the interwar period (in the late 1920s and in the 1930s), and the second, much more intensive, took place after forty years, in the middle of the 1950s and in the 1960s. The research reveals domestic life as an important and powerful social engineering instrument, which was used quite intensively in the pre-war period and extremely intensively after the war. Despite the fact that both campaigns of modernization had an intention to create a new society and a new man, they had completely different ideological and political backgrounds. The campaign of modernization which took place in interwar times was not centralized or organized from the above. It was more like an initiative of a group of individuals to modernize the way of living and make Lithuania look more like Western countries. The second, post-war, modernization campaign was properly centralized and determined by the highest political decisions. Domestic life was officially declared as an object of interest for policy, ideology and propaganda. The main objective of this campaign was not only to modernize society via domestic life, but also to create a new man, an individual absolutely loyal to the regime.
More...
The main hypothesis of this paper states a dual perception of the hunting phenomena in Baroque culture. On the one hand, this action was a specific activity of the noble people during their leisure time. On the other hand, poetics of hunting spread into the existential level and became the main allegory in order to express the way of being. This research is based on three artistic manisfestations (the poem “Silviludia” by the Lihuanian poet M. K. Sarbievijus, the Dutch baroque painting by Rembrandt and the sculptural composition of the Zapyškis Church in Lithuania). The main theoretical basis is the phenomenological approach, especially the “Meditations of Hunting” written by José Ortega y Gasset. Nevertheless, these tools are revealed as not sufficient to the Baroque material. Postmodern deconstructive approaches are needed. The hunting discourse in the Baroque culture does not obey to the Great narrative and splits into multiple variations of representation: as the allegory of the society of court, as the way of ironical thinking and desacralisation.
More...
Nowadays we live surrounded by the media, immersed in media culture. It is the source of contemporary myths of freedom, love, success, happiness. It also provides the role models of consumption, desires, behaviour and lifestyles. Mass media present, among other, different models of femininity: traditional, neotraditional, egalitarian or postmodern. After all, the domination of modernized traditional model (also known as traditional asymmetric or neotraditional) in the analyzed examples of media culture over undoubtedly attractive egalitarian model tends to preserve the social status quo.
More...
Lo studio viene sviluppato principalmente sulla base delle tre opere di S. Teresa di Gesù che praticamente descrivono tutta la sua esistenza e gli orizzonti della sua personalità: Vita, Cammino di perfezione e Castello interiore o Mansioni. Ne emerge che più la persona diventa mistica, più vive lo zelo per la salvezza del mondo come manifestazione del suo essere inserita più profondamente in Cristo che non ha un desiderio più grande di quello di salvare ogni uomo.
More...
The article presents the revolutionary events in Harbin in 1917. The Author presents the figures of the major antagonists – General Horvath – general manager of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER, built in the Chinese Manchuria under the contract between the Russo-Chinese Bank and China) and the Bolshevik Martemyan Ryutin who in 1917 attempted to overthrow General Horvath i. e. the legal authorities of the expropriated zone of the CER. This event was opposed by the Allies and the United States and the Chinese authorities, centrally as well as locally, and led to the forcible removal of the Bolsheviks from the zone of CER by the Chinese troops and was the first and the only successful example of foreign intervention against the Bolsheviks and their power.
More...
The victory of the Chinese communists and the proclamation of the PRC on 1st October 1949 automatically confronted a new Chinese leaders with the issue of ‘liberation’ of Tibet. The coordinated propaganda campaign has started, in which the leading role played the Xinhua News Agency and the authority of the CCP party – the People’s Daily (‘Renmin Ribao’). The importance of the issue followed from the fact that Mao Zedong personally directed the entire action, and personally revised most of the texts concerning Tibet. In fact, the official formula of ‘peaceful liberation’ promoted by Beijing, meant the incorporation of Tibet with the consent of local authorities. Hence, the concept of a ‘gradual approach’ developed by Mao, anticipating the absorption of Tibet mainly by peaceful means, gradation of transformation, avoiding radical reforms and action by gentle persuasion. It may be recalled that at that time the use of military force was treated by Mao as finality. As soon has turned out, along with political, diplomatic and propaganda preparations intensive preparations for the military operation were undertaken in Beijing. The article presents the successive stages of the Chinese conquest of Tibet, which eventually ended with a Chinese military invasion, coincidentally in the same period, while on the Korean Peninsula Korean War broke out.
More...
The concept of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics was the subject of the fourth plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The communique published after this meeting concerned some changes in legal system, separation of powers, human rights’ protection and reforms in legislation. The authority of the state formulated a list of conditions necessary to realize. The most important thing is to maintain the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
More...
The role of China in the contemporary world economy The 21st century has been said to be the century of Asia. The dynamism of Asian economies for a few last decades is a kind of confirmation of the above statement. The contemporary world is undergoing transformation not only in its economic, but also geopolitical sphere. The changes lead to the formation of new political and economic order, where a place for new emerging powers should be found. China is one of such powers. This country is the most evident example of an Asian economy which is changing not only internally, but also causing great shift in the world order. The article shows the new position of the Chinese economy in this world order.
More...
The aim of this article is to analyze changes in the Human Development Index in BRICS countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa in the years 1980–2013. This study shows the contribution of each component index since 1980 for all BRICS countries: life expectancy of birth, expected years of schooling, mean years of schooling, gross national income per capita (PPP USD). The article presents HDI value and China’s place in the ranking of the BRICS countries – in 2013 and between 1980–2013.
More...
In the end of the 19th century political situation in the Far East was tense and uncertain. China being afraid of the repeated Japanese aggression signed the agreement with Russia allowing to establish a Russian military naval base at Port Arthur (close to today’s Dalian) and agreed for the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway through the territory of Manchuria. This railway was dedicated to connect the Transsiberian Railway with Vladivostok, the Russian port on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. At the early stage of the history of the Chinese Eastern Railway many Polish engineers held important positions in the railway construction administration with Stanisław Kierbedz as its vice-chairman and manager. Adam Szydlowski, who was the founder of Harbin, held the main position in the railway administration. Among the management of the 21 sections of the railway the majority were Polish engineers, former constructors of Transsiberian Railway.The author cites some fragments of the reminiscences of one of these engineers – Stefan Offenberg, who was in Manchuria at the time of Boxer Uprising. These reminiscences were included into a very rare album, published in Harbin in 1923 on the 25th anniversary of the Chinese Eastern Railway (on the eve of its factual overtaking by the Soviet authorities).
More...
This paper presents lexical borrowings from East Asian languages functioning in informal English, especially American English. They constitute an interesting and colorful part of informal English lexicon, both linguistically and socioculturally. The paper shows that borrowings from Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean – the languages which contributed most – represent diverse typological variants such as loanwords, loanblends and loan translations. Many of them exhibit a high degree of assimilation in English, evidenced by successful adaptation to English morphological system, seen in zero derivation, fusion with native English words, or semantic changes. The borrowings also demonstrate connections with their social context, seen in such historical events as emigration waves or military conflicts which brought language contacts. It is hoped that this necessarily sketchy paper will serve as an encouragement to further studies of this interesting part of informal English lexicon.
More...
Norwid’s reliance on gestures, behaviours and interactions in his poetry unveils the anthropological foundations of his line of thought. These foundations enable our understanding of his working philosophy, words and letters. Interactions make part of his discourse infrastructure, as defined in behavioural research, which developed no sooner than the 1950s and the 1960 (e.g. Lorenz, Goffman, Hall, Berne or Turner). Applying these categories to analyse Norwid’s Promethidion (1850) and Rzecz o wolnosci słowa [On the freedom of the Word] (1869) as well as such other poems like Fatum or Rozebrana [Partitioned] helps us observe how humanity emerges out of amazement – that how consciousness and the experience of work undergo sublimation to turn into the word. At the advent of Christ, the Word became power, which resulted in ethical universalism and in the realization of the messianic nature of work, guiding us towards resurrection (self-transcendence). Norwid’s thought, situating the metaphysical sense within the realm of anthropology, hugely influenced the theology of John Paul II.
More...
European viewers associate Indian cinema especially with Bollywood’s commercial film industry. However, India is currently witnessing the rise of a “new wave” of independent filmmakers who are not afraid to reflect reality and reveal the taboo of the controversial and multilayered Indian society. Despite difficult conditions in distribution, young filmmakers recount original and meaningful stories in their inspiring productions. Using three films as examples (Six Feet High, 2014, dir. Sanal Kunal Sasidharan; The Divine Call, 2014, dir. Aadish Keluskar; Fandry, 2013, dir. Nagraj Manjule), the paper presents their formal and content points of departure and aesthetic principles, focusing on the definition of “taboo” and its disruption in Indian society.
More...
This study draws on a doctoral thesis dealing with a series of postmodern productions of a Czech naturalist rural drama, which were put on the stage at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In 1994 Petr Lébl, a prominent Czech postmodern director, undertook the direction of Ladislav Stroupežnický’s classic Czech realist drama Naši furianti [Our Swagerrers] from 1887. A distinct feature of Lébl’s directorial work is visual opulence. Also in this case, he packed the small stage of the Divadlo Na zábradlí theatre with dozens of actors and a large number of props, mixing elements of Czech, Spanish, Jewish and other national folklores in a pell-mell manner. In order to point out how devoid of any real substance national symbols are, he presented his characters in the style of Czech fairy tales – the just shoemaker Habršperk as a devil, the deceitful tailor Fiala as a water goblin and the brave army veteran Bláha as the Knight of Blaník. In addition, the role of the village teacher was performed by a black person, and a blind person played the part of a village scribe and law expert. Lébl thus took an ironic stance towards the tradition of realist staging of Stroupežnický’s drama by the National Theatre and indirectly commented on the chaos in values that had set in after the fall of the communist totalitarian rule in 1989 and with the onset of market economy practices, unrestrained by moral considerations, in Czech society.
More...
The “next to world” is portrayed as an interpretation formula and a missing segment in the field of discovering textual meanings. It depicts a presence of sorts to which the text refers, but which does not occur in it directly, i.e. as in a film shot (the interpretation data of the text should, however, indicate the methodologically objective presence of the “next to world” in it). It offers signs and leaves traces in the text. The “Sign” is put forward as the terminus technicus of the phenomenon in question, but only as a “Sign” freed from semantic arbitrariness and designation function (e.g. the ”golden horn” in Wesele /The Wedding/ by Wyspiański). Such a “Sign”, as a rule, remains a metaphor nor does it explain anything in the text, but merely exists and only as such does it indicate the “next to world”. The author discussed the distinction between the “next to world” and the symbol, the allegory, and other traditional carriers of interpretation meanings, including Biblical ones – the Hebrew ot and the Greek typos. The “next to world” proves to be useful as an interpretation always on the borderline of semiosis. It is “to the ship as a coastline, to the shore as a ship”, it beckons and, at the same time, prohibits access. Its Signs “do not close up”, a feature that should be applied for distinguishing them from interpretation phenomena employed within the meaning system. Art is suffused with epiphanies of the “world next to us”, however small they might be. These are not “systemic”, e.g. theological epiphanies, because they remain on the borderline of semiosis and even outside the meta-level, and thus they do not take part in metaphysics but in mysticism at best. The author considered examples of the occurrence of the “next to world” and its Signs in the Holy Writ (certain epiphanies according to the Elohist Mosaic tradition) and assorted films by Kieślowski from the Decalogue series as well as La double vie de Véronique, examined in greater detail. Examples of poetry by, i.a. Leśmian and T. Różewicz serve an attempt at explaining the difference between the Signs of the “next to world” and other formal functions of the metaphor. An essential feature of the “next to world” Signs appears to be the fact that they “evade” interpretation within the range of the system contrary to the essence of the symbol, which is always ”within” the foundation of every system. Furthermore, the author discussed the hermeneutic determinants of those Signs within the context of, i.e. Sartre’s ontological reservations. Finally, he tried to apply the method using the “next to world” Sign for interpreting texts, mainly by the John the Apostle, about Mary/Magdalene fulfilling the “function of Antigone”. He also indicated the highly mysterious emotional Signs found in the Gospel: the anointing at Bethany, Mary of Magdala weeping next to the empty grave and “turning” in the Garden, and the Noli me tangere... Sign (John 20:17). The mysterious Presence permeates their “history of forms” and “edition”. The “absent present” is not a lack nor a gap to be filled, but a force (dynamis) of the Text.
More...
Recognition of the security issue from a philosophical position can not be considered without reference to the past, and so to the classics of philosophy. In which occured issue of wide understood security. In the philosophy time is working on some other basis than in science. Philofophers’ beliefs about good and evil, human duties, the values or the art of a good life in many cases are not barred.Thus, science is inseparable from philosophy, even if you take the issue of security. The aim of this paper is, firstly, to outline the general views of philosophers, and secondly to expose those views with different views on the security, and thirdly to show the value of personal safety as an integral category of structural safety.
More...