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This article reconstructs the picture of the movements of Jesus since John’s baptizing until the journey to Jerusalem. There are geographical and chronological problems connected with the Gospel of Mark. In many instances the evangelist does not know where and when incidents took place. The topographical data are likewise 136 Kalina Wojciechowska confused and contradictory. The evangelist emphasizes the contrast between the apparent aimlessness of Jesus’ movements and ministry in the earlier period in Galilee (Mk 1:1–6:29) and the plan of the later periodes. In second part (Mk 6:30–9:1) Mark possessed two divergent but paralel accounts of the events following the return of the Twelve. The third part (Mk 9:2–11:11) is the journey of Jesus from Cesarea Philippi to Jerusalem, and the fourth part are the evants in Jerusalem. In Jerusalem Mark’s topographical notations are also never detailed and informative.
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Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and Southeast Europe as macro- region space concepts are not regions designable by physical geography; the geographical content of these concepts is drawn and re-drawn by historical, cultural and geopolitical processes. Debates on the extension and content of the macro-regions featured intensify every now and then, especially in crisis periods - it is enough to think of the years before, during and after the world wars, the regime change, and these days. Our paper, with the brief summary of the preliminaries, highlights, from the perspective of our age, the geopolitically determined transformation and demonstrates the findings of our empirical research. During our research we made a questionnaire survey in which we recorded mental maps of the university students of Hungary and its seven neighbour countries, looking at where the respondents put their own countries and what image of the respective macro-regions lived in their minds. Our findings may be subject to debates but clearly show the convergent or divergent directions of the respective countries, at least as regards the judgement by the youth.
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Three main stages can be distinguished in the development of settlement structures on the territory of Dnieper left bank forest-steppe at the Scythian time. The territory of Dnieper left bank forest-steppe at the Scythian time. The territory of high terraces of small rivers in the interfluve of the lower reaches of the Psel and Vorskla rivers, to the south of the Grun river, was settled in the early Scythian period, which was characterized by a more humid climate compared to modern conditions. The resource zones of the first settlements were represented by soils with maximum convenient for cultivation (ordinary chernozem, leached and podzolized). In the Middle Scythian period, which was drier than the previous one, the number of settlements in the floodplains increased, where meadow, sod and bog soils dominated. In the third stage (the last quarter of the 5th—4th centuries BC), the number of sites decreased, and new sites located at the rivers (the percentage of dark-gray podzolized soils decreased), which could indicate the climate aridity at that time. As a result, the spatial analysis of the archaeological and paleopedological data showed its validity and can be used in the study of Scythian time sites and sites of other periods.
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The aim of this paper is to reconstruct settlement preferences and the dynamics of cultural changes that occurred in the sheet of Polish Archaeological Record (Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski = AZP) no. 105–80, located on the Kańczuga Upland. The materials for analysis were collected over several seasons of surface surveys in which 210 archaeological sites were identified. The obtained results show that this region was very attractive for both hunter-gatherers and settled communities.
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The period after the Second World War interfered with the administrative organisation of municipalities with the socialist political and economic framework. The introduction of the workers’ self-government system also influenced the organisation of state and local government. Ljubljana has received seven administrative divisions in four decades. The introduction of the communal system in June 1955 blurred the borders between the city and the countryside, so Ljubljana was initially divided into nine municipalities, and since 1964 it had been divided into five municipalities (Center, Bežigrad, Šiška, Moste - Polje, Vič - Rudnik) until the introduction of a new system of local self-government in independent Slovenia in 1995. The City Council (1964 City Council of Ljubljana, 1969 City Assembly of Ljubljana) was established in 1955 to resolve common local issues at the city level, and the Council of the Ljubljana Region was established at the inter-municipal level. In the forty-year period, the communal system had proven itself to be administratively deficient, as it performed tasks within the competence of state authorities more than it dealt with the needs of the local population.
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Review of: Województwo podlaskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku, red. Michał Gochna, Bogumił Szady, oprac. Krzysztof Boroda i in., cz. 1: Mapy, plany, 4 mapy, 4 plany; cz. 2: Komentarz, indeksy, ss. 333, 18 map, 2 wykresy, Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa 2021 (Atlas historyczny Polski. Mapy szczegółowe XVI wieku, t. 8) Piotr Miodunka: Społeczność małych miast południowej Małopolski od końca XVI do końca XVIII wieku, Universitas, Kraków 2021, ss. 556 Teresa Pluskota: Słownik nazw miejscowych i ich wariantów od XVI do XVIII wieku. Województwo bełskie, ruskie, wołyńskie, podolskie i bracławskie, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2019, ss. 578 Tomasz Panecki: Długie życie dawnych map. Opracowanie cyfrowej edycji mapy Gaula/Raczyńskiego (1:125 000, 1807–1812), Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa 2021, ss. 202, ilustracje + płyta CD ROM Pietro Piana, Charles Watkins, Ross Balzaretti: Rediscovering Lost Landscapes. Topographical Art in North-West Italy, 1800–1920, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2021, 308 + xii pp.
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In the autumn of 2020 and spring of 2021, archaeological and geological field surveys were conducted within the Nessebar and Pomorie municipalities, as part of the project “Archaeology of Landscape: Patterns of Reconstruction of the Ancient Environment.” The project aims to reconstruct the landscapes of the Southern slopes of The Emine Stara Planina Mountain during Antiquity, as well as investigate human impact on the environment and archaeological sites. During the surveys, 102 new archaeological sites were discovered (see Fig. 1). Two sites date back to the Late Chalcolithic period, four to the Late Bronze Age, and nine small settlements to the Early Iron Age. These settlements were located along the banks of the Aheloy River and Hadzhiiska River. The majority of the sites (51 settlements) date back to the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Eleven settlements were dated to the Archaic and Classical periods, and ten to the Hellenistic period. Thirty sites did not yield enough diagnostic artifacts, and thus were largely dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The Early and Late Roman periods, as well as Late Antiquity, were represented by a total of 54 sites, with 13 sites from the Roman period and 41 from Late Antiquity. However, this remains a conditional division, as some of the sites from Late Antiquity could potentially date back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The Medieval period was represented by 46 sites, with three sites dating back to the earliest part of the period (8-10th century). These sites contain pottery from the First Bulgarian Kingdom, while eleven sites belong to the 10th-12th centuries, and eighteen sites to the 13th-14th centuries.
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Paper analyzes the road network development in 18th century Hungary, mainly on the territory of today's Slovakia. It summarizes and explains the circumstances accompanying its modernization since the first half of the 18th century. In the first part, the authors interpret the transport infrastructure development in a broader socio-economic and geographical context. In the second part, they detailed the historical-geographical aspects of road construction in the 18th century. The solved section of the road between Trakovice and Leopoldov is unique because Samuel Mikovíni planned it. They built the road between 1735 and 1737. We want to answer the question to what extent we can consider this road as a model example of the construction of other roads and if the road was somehow specific due to the work of Mikovíni. We are also interested in how Mikovíni was affected by the know-how of building modern roads, which penetrated the Habsburg monarchy as a French technological import.
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The cave settlement at Getahovit-2 in Armenia has a proven record of human occupation from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages, making it the third prehistoric cave site, after Aghitu-3 and Kalavan-1, to be known from this region. The current excavation of an Upper Palaeolithic horizon, discovered in 2014, has yielded a radiocarbon date placing the site within the Last Glacial Maximum, thus filling a gap in the archaeological record between the middle and late Upper Palaeolithic (between 24,000 and 18,000 cal. BP). The short-term occupation by a group of hunters, revealed by the preliminary results, is interpreted with considerable likelihood as a stop during a hunting expedition. Work at the cave site has been resumed under the flag of a newly established Armenian-Polish research cooperation between the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Armenia and the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw.
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Early comparative research on the material from the site of Kadakol 1 in the Letti Basin (Sudan), which was surveyed in the late 1960s, suggested an association with the Kerma Culture horizon while not excluding multicultural occupation. Investigations, which were resumed in 2022 within the frame of a new research project exploring the significance of the Middle Nile Valley in prehistoric times, have yielded data confirming the early findings and contributing information on younger occupational episodes from Napatan and Christian times, in both cases attested by extensive burial grounds.
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The Turkish world emerges as a concept that covers a wide geography where Turkish cultural elements that spread from Central Asia continue to exist by being preserved in different geographies.The role of education is very important in introducing the Turkish world, which constitutes the living space of the cultural elements that the Turkish communities, which have a very old history in the historical process, accumulated and developed over time, and in raising their awareness in this context.Geography education emerges as a research area that incorporates many aspects such as the lifestyles and environmental factors of communities living in different parts of the world.It can be stated that geography lessons should have an important place in the acquisition of the Turkish world to students.This research has been prepared in order to reveal the handling of the Turkish world in high school geography textbooks.Within the scope of this purpose, secondary school 9, 10, 11 and 12th grade geography textbooks, which are used as official textbooks in public schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the 2022-2023 academic year, were collected through document analysis.The obtained data were subjected to content analysis. The research is a basic qualitative study prepared in the field of social sciences. In the study, scanning method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used.Based on the findings of the research; It has been concluded that the contents of the Turkish world in high school geography textbooks are gradually expanded and increasingly included in the textbooks.It was seen that the most content about the Turkish world in the examined textbooks was the 11th and 12th grade geography textbooks.
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Tukharisi was considered to be one of the most ancient and important strategic points in the historiography of Georgia. It was located in the historical part of Meskheti, nowadays the territory belongs to Turkey and in modern times the location is known as Tao-Klarjeti. Tukharisi is frequently mentioned in various evidence-based Georgian and international evidence-based written sources of different periods of time. Although, several issues related to above-mention fact, including the identification of precise location could not be resolved so far. In addition, based on various written evidences and according to diverse information sources, it is misleading whether it was a fortress, a fortress-city, a fortress-residence or a region ("country"). Accordingly, one of the research questions is considered to be the identification of an exact scale of Tukharisi. Due to the lack of information about destination of the monument, localization of Tukharisi was considered to be a problem in the 18th century and accordingly, the source was no longer reflected in historical memory. It is also worth to mention that research about mentioned issue has a history of around hundred years. At the initial stage of the research, several arguments were defined. However, by the end of the 20th century, when a new phase of Tao-Klarjeti research conducted and when it also became possible for Georgian researchers to carry out intensive expeditionary research in Tao-Klarjeti, the research findings immediately changed. In accordance with recently discoveries revealed by the researches in the last 10-15 years, researchers had an opportunity to develop new arguments about Tukharisi. In accordance with scientific literature review, several different options related to Tukharisi localization revealed, however, the comparison of the existing arguments does not allow to come up with an unified conclusion. During the expedition carried out in 2015, the fragments of an unknown fortifress were discovered at the bank of the Chorokhi River. In accordance with the historical and geographical data, the fortifress should be known as Tukharis fortifress according to an evidence-based sources: In accordance with historical evidences, the fortifress is located at the edge of Chorokhi River; The one of central, Klarjeti-Tao conjunction road passed at that destination; The toponymy statement of “Bertha's Otkhtavi” [Georgian manuscript, 10th century] is on the one hand in line with “Khodis Khevi” which is located nearby fortress and on the other hand, it is in line with the geographic location of fortifress; According to the geographic data, the fortress is located on the border of Tao and Klarjeti, precisely on the side of Klarjeti, which is confirmed by evidence-based sources. By taking into consideration above, it can be assumed that if Tukharis existed as a fortress-city in the past time, it would most likely be located in the territory of the current fortress as well.
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Review of: Ingerimaa mälupaigad: järjepidevus ja katkestus. Ingrian Memory Sites: Continuity and Discontinuity. (Eesti Akadeemilise Ingerimaa Seltsi ja Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu toimetised 1.) Koostanud Piret Lotman, Taisto-Kalevi Raudalainen, Ergo-Hart Västrik. Eesti Akadeemiline Ingerimaa Selts, Eesti Rahvusraamatu-kogu, 2022. 216 lk.
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The paper refers to one of the mounds in Kraków – the Esterka Mound. This mound was probably the element of a garden established at the palace in the former village of Łobzów (nowadays a part of the city quarter Kraków-Krowodrza). The available so far information on the mound is scattered all over numerous publications, and sometimes contains errors. This also refers to iconographic materials. In this paper the remaining iconographic and cartographic materials referring to this object were collected and put together in a systematic way. The paper also contains bibliographic documentation of the existing graphic materials showing the mound (panoramas, terrain sketches, maps, photographs). The information available in this article can be used in the plans of revitalizing the Esterka Mound and former royal mansion in Łobzów.
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Historical cartography has an important place among historical sources. Many researchers can have the opportunity to use many cartographic sources during their research. An important source in historical cartography is maps created during the reign o f the Ottoman Empire on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the existence of cartographic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina which are the results of the work of cartographers of the world should also be emphasized. Large-scale representations found in the form of cadastral plans of various scales are of articular importance in research. However, small-scale cartographic representations also offer great help to researchers. The first large-scale representations of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. This short period of rule on the soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in the surveying and representing of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on cadastral plans at the scale 1:6250, 1:3125, 1:1562.5 and 1:781.25. On the basis of these large-scale representations, many small-scale representations of different topics, purposes and scales were created. Small-scale representations were made in different scales, which also dictated the detail of the representation. The maps, i.e. small-scale graphic representations, were produced at the scales of 1:12500, 1:25000, 1:75000, and 1:150000. With the end of the First World War, a new period of cartography of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was born. During this time, topographical maps were made at the scales of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, and smaller scales. Of course, the authors of the maps monitored the situation on the ground and tried to ensure that all the details that could be shown were shown on them in terms of content and according to the possibility of the display. After the end of the Second World War, a completely new period was started in the production of graphic representations o f Bosnia and Herzegovina. A special place is occupied by large-scale representations views - cadastral plans that were prepared at the scales of 1:5000, 1:2500, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500. On the basis of cadastral plans, small-scale graphic representations of Bosnia and Herzegovina - maps were created. The map scales were 1:2500, 1:50000 and smaller. Maps with different purposes and themes were created.
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V roce 2018 uplynulo dne 6. března 280 let od narození známého českého topografa a historika Jaroslava Schallera. Žil v době od 6. 3. 1738 (narozen v Konopišti) do 6. 1. 1809 (zemřel v Praze). Od jeho úmrtí uplynulo v roce 2019 tedy 210 let. Po studiu na piaristickém gymnáziu v Benešově se stal od roku 1753 členem piaristického řádu. Zde se na sklonku svého učitelského působení v roce 1766 dostal do služeb (jako vychovatel a knihovník) předního českého šlechtice hraběte Františka Antonína Nostice-Rienecka. V jeho službách zůstal s výjimkou let 1772 a 1773, kdy završoval svoji pedagogickou kariéru na Moravě a ve Slezsku, až do smrti. Ve volném čase zde se věnoval topografii Čech a jejich hlavního města Prahy, historiografii piaristického řádu a pedagogice piaristického řádu. Ve všech čtyřech oborech vydal knižní díla.
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Research focusing on the environmental history of the Lower Danube region is rather scarce compared to the progresses made for the upper and middle sections. Moreover, little is known about the effects of recent climatic fluctuations and increasing anthropogenic pressure on the highly sensitive river systems of the area. In this paper, the information available in various historical sources (charters, narratives and historic maps) was used to carry out cartographic reconstructions of the riverscape in the former borderland of the Romanian Provinces from the fifteenth century to modern times. The results indicate that significant hydrographical disturbances occurred throughout this period and the present day configuration of the drainage network is relatively recent. The diversion of the lower course of river Siret at the beginning of the seventeenth century led to several other hydrological and hydrographical alterations, such as channel planform changes, supplementary channel shifts of the tributaries or increased incision into the floodplain. The origin of the triggering factors is to be found in the interplay between natural conditions and human activities.
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Part of the Roman imperial road in west Dacia which tied the Danube to the northern border of the province, the segment between Tibiscum and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa secures passage from the Caransebeş and Haţeg Depressions, passing the Iron Gate of Transylvania (usually said to be the ancient Tapae). In the Roman Age this road was the most important highway for Dacia, connecting the main military, administra-tive and economic centers north of the Danube (such as Sarmizegetusa, Apulum, Napoca and Porolissum) and the southern ones (such as Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium). Presently, the situation with the segment between Tibiscum and Sarmizegetusa (as well as of a large part of the road network of Dacia) may be said to be paradoxical. Although the information found in Tabula Peutingeriana is, to a large degree, in agreement with the archaeological data, and the area where the road should be identified is rather well established, there are very few places where the road was precisely charted. To improve the state of research a series of fieldwalkings were carried out to gather additional data on the Roman imperial road between Tibiscum and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. According to the Tabula Peutingeriana, the section between Tibiscum and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa was made up of 3 segments of a total length of 37 Roman miles (54.75 km). The first segment between Tivisco and Agnavie was XIIII MP long (20.70 km), the second between Agnavie and Ponte Augusti VIII MP (11.82 km) long and the last between Ponte Augusti and Sarmategte XV MP (22.17 km) long. Fieldwalking focused on the Obreja vilagge to the west and Oţelul Roşu town to the east, this area belonging in all likelihood to the first segment mentioned in Tabula Peutingeriana between Tivisco and Agnavie. Three segments of a road laid on an embankment of clay and paved with sand, gravel and cobblestone were identified during these investigations. Field data shows that the materials were selected according to size. Data obtained from fieldwalking provided the premises to argue that the three segments of stone road identified between Obreja and Oţelul Roşu belong to the Roman imperial road from Tibiscum to Sarmizegetusa. In order to have more certainty excavations must be carried out to provide precise data in respect of the building technique and chronology of this structure.
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The Roman earth embankments in Banat are part of the border system called limes Sarmatiae by the Hungarian archaeologists. This paper brings into question their defensive military role and presents also the hypothesis of using this artificial barrier primarily for controlling sheep herds in the context of transhumance, a theory I took over from the late professor Alexandru Diaconescu. There are two major analogies in the space dominated by the Roman Empire: fossatum Africae and the “linear fortification” in Syria. Although the latter is poorly studied and, compared to the African ditch, there are some differences in the Danube area, I believe that the three border systems provided with fossatum (North Africa, Syria and the Carpathian Mts. – Danube River) were conceived by the Romans as a measure of controlling seasonal movement of sheep and represented an important source of tax revenue. Shepherds were taxed according to the number of sheep along their way with their flocks to wintering places. The administrative and legal issues involved in this supposed system of economic control can be discussed, in their complexity, when the functioning of the Sarmatian „limes” will be clarified. For this, archaeological exca-vations are required in the most delicate areas of the Roman vallum: the crossing points through this border. On the sheep roads, there were probably some gates arranged that were used in our case (Carpathian – Danube area) only for a short time, during the fall, when the flocks were herded on wintering in the plain. On the other hand, even if the relationship of this so-called limes with transhumance will not be confirmed, the areas of intersection of ancient roads with the earthen embankments must be archaeologically investigated, because this border could not be hermetically closed.
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