Лексичка семантика унутар лингвистичке теорије
Review of: Geeraerts, Dirk (2010), Theories of Lexical Semantics, Oxford: OUP.
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Review of: Geeraerts, Dirk (2010), Theories of Lexical Semantics, Oxford: OUP.
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The paper discusses the idea of using parallel corpora for the extraction of terminological units used to identify semantic frames of aviation, as the first step in developing a method for determining specialized semantic frames. The process of compiling the parallel corpus of texts taken from the Eur-Lex database using Sketch Engine tools is described first. The methodology of extracting term candidates and their manual verification is then presented, as well as the process of extracting and verifying relevant verbs. The results of term verification are discussed, with the focus on the role of verbs and verbal collocations in identifying relevant semantic frames and frame elements.
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The Georgian terminology work has its own long history but it has not been yet studied thoroughly. The basic principles of the Old terminology work followed by the medieval scholars, namely: deep and thorough knowledge of the main notion denoted by a term to render it properly; avoid the norms which are not natural for the Georgian language; try to learn thoroughly the structures of both languages and make them closer, to determine the rules which those languages follow, find right correspondences and not to make mechanical calques; create the Georgian terms with Georgian roots and Georgian derivative means; give precise and trustful definitions. The theories of the old Georgian translators are actual and important up today.
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The article analyses common names of human genitals used by Lithuanian medical doctors in the popularized medical writings (books, booklets and articles) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The meanings of these names are identified based on the context of their use and other sources (the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, anatomy literature), and the etymological sources are determined (colloquial, written and foreign languages). Questions of the relationship between endogenous and exogenous terms, creation of new terms, problematic meanings of some terms, connotations, terminologization, and euphemization are discussed.
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Review of: Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis dietologijos terminų žodynėlis / Laisvūnė Petkevičienė. – Vilnius: Homo liber, 2018. – 47, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 43–44; Kn. taip pat: Pratarmė / Rimantas Stukas, apie autorę / Erika Kubilienė, p. 45–47. – Tiražas 200 egz. – ISBN 978-609-446-176-7. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis maitinimo įmonių terminų lietuvių–anglų kalbų žodynas / Marija Jonikienė. – Vilnius: Homo liber, 20181. – 164 p. – Tiražas 200 egz. – ISBN 978-609-446-159-0. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis miškininkystės terminų žodynas = Лесохозяй-ственный словарь = Forstwirtschaftliches Fachwörterbuch = Dictionary of forestry: (lietuvių–rusų–vokiečių–anglų k. su lotyniškais botanikos, zoologijos ir miško tipologijos terminų vardais) / Leonardas A. Kairiūkštis; [Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro filialas Miškų institutas, Lietuvos miško ir žemės savininkų asociacija]. – Kaunas: Lututė, 2018. – 736 p. – Bibliogr.: p. 25–32; r-klės: p. 488– 735. – Tiražas [1000] egz. – ISBN 978-9955-37-203-5 (įr.). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis projektų valdymo terminų žodynas / Vytautas Būda; ISM Vadybos ir ekonomikos universitetas, Lietuvos projektų vadybos asociacija. – 2-asis patais. leid. – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018. – 166, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 164–166 (55 pavad.); Lietuvių–anglų terminų r-klė: p. 116–157. – Tiražas 500 egz. – ISBN 978-5-420-01770-8 (klaidingas). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis ryšių su visuomene terminų žodynas [elektroninis išteklius] / Toma Lipskytė (grupės vadovė), Renata Matkevičienė, Orinta Barkauskaitė, Gabija Vaičeliūnaitė, Birutė Norvaišienė; Lietuvos komunikacijos asociacija. – Vilnius, 2018. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Deutsch–litauisches, litauisch–deutsches Wirtschafts-und Rechtswörterbuch = Vokiečių–lietuvių, lietuvių–vokiečių kalbų verslo ir teisės žodynas / [Yvonne Goldammer, Paulius Jurčys, Sigitas Plaušinaitis]. – Vilnius: Žuvėdra, 2018. – 758, [2] p. – Tiražas [500] egz. – ISBN 978-609-8219-01-2 (įr.). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Kraštovaizdžio projektuotojo terminų žodynas lietuvių–anglų kalba = Glossary of terms for landscape designer, Lithuanian–English languages / Klaipėdos valstybinė kolegija; [sudarytojos Rita Nekrošienė, Regina Repšienė, Jurga Kučinskienė, Vida Gerikienė, Diana Baravykaitė, Regina Malakauskienė, Reda Tamelienė, Elena Moščenkova, Inga Benetienė]. – Kaunas: [Vitae Litera], 2018. – 169, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 166–167 (25 pavad.); Terminų r-klė: p. 108–137. – Tiražas 50 egz. –ISBN 978-609-454-368-5.
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The article presents, investigates and analyses a series of aspects related to the difficulties that a translator faces when translating specialized texts, more specifically texts belonging to civil engineering. The issues that arise during the process of translation are multiple and complex and involve different levels of the text. Out of these difficulties, the morphological ones are of special importance. As a sub-category of morphological aspects, noun phrases need to be paid particular attention, both due to their length and to the complex relationships that are formed within the same noun phrase. An important concept connected to noun phrases is that of nominalization and the way it helps build meaning inside nominal compounds. The last part of the article explains and examines the way in which these noun phrases are rendered into the target text.
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The paper provides a detailed analysis of the features of the title of V.V. Nabokov’s story “Tyrants Destroyed” as an example of the iconic sign in the light of the theory of language-game poetics. The study is highly relevant, because it offers a new way to describe the features of the title text based on language game. By considering the title as an iconic sign we focused on its semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. The title of the story under study is as an autosemantic element and an iconic sign that will be deciphered in the text, but carries important prior information. To describe the peculiarities of the title, we used the theory introduced by Ch. Morris on the triple essence of the sign. According to this theory, the title was considered as an iconic sign: its semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics were described. The semantic and syntactic analysis of the title revealed its bipolar structure, which is generally expressed as “counteraction to action”. With the help of the pragmatic analysis, the role of inclusions in the text in the form of multiple repetition of the name Hamlet was determined. Based on the data obtained by the semantic and syntactic analysis, we concluded that the allusion emphasizes the playful nature of the text and refers to the title, which acquires an additional connotation. The introduction of the precedent name Hamlet not only helps to decode the semantic content of the title, but also reveals V.V. Nabokov’s critical point of view on another text – the tragedy of “Hamlet” by W. Shakespeare.
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The paper is concerned with the study of adaptation of words from the Chinese language to the Russian language; these loanwords are related to the daily life and culture of China. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing popularity of the Chinese culture and daily phenomena within the Russian society. Therefore, the formation of a scientific image of relevant loanwords and the analysis of their derivational potential in the Russian language seem very necessary and important. This paper aims to identify the derivational, formal-structural, and semantic features of the studied units in the process of their development in the Russian language. The transcription method is mainly used when borrowing words from the Chinese language; thus, the loanwords receive a Russian form and pronunciation along with grammatical characteristics. Based on the results of the semantic assimilation, the following conclusions were made: when loanwords came to the Russian language, the semantics of their prime words can be changed; the semantic volume of some words can be expanded with their further functions in the Russian language, which indicates their full semantic development. According to the results of the derivational-semantic analysis, 149 derivatives were formed on the basis of the studied units in the Russian language. It was revealed that kniga (‘book’; 50 derivatives), chai (‘tea’; 45 derivatives), zhemchug (‘pearl’; 11 derivatives) possess the highest derivative ability. The study of word-formation adaptation allows us to conclude that the realization of the derivational potential of loanwords indicates their importance for the native speakers of the Russian language.
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The paper is based on an analysis of names of aviation vehicles included in the Wojskowy słowniczek lotniczy polsko-francusko-niemiecko-rosyjski (Military Polish–French–German–Russian aviation glossary), published in 1922. The lexemes are examined in terms of the origin (whether they are loan-words or of Polish origin) and their structure in order to determine the rules underlying this linguistic process. Extralinguistic factors and events are also taken into consideration in the analysis, e.g. the development of Polish aviation, the social tendencies in the 1920s, conditions of military service.
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The subject matter of this paper is the development of language awareness in the society in the context of the integration of diverse social classes in Poland in the period 1918–1939. This study covers several specific aspects: 1) language awareness of the Polish intelligentsia, 2) language integration of the Polish dialectal environments, 3) language integration of other nationalities, 4) role of the regionalistic movement and the Polish school in integrating the state. In the linguistic studies on the interwar period, the researchers have concentrated on the language used by the educated class and the Polish national identity, and – as emphasised by the author – not enough attention has been given to the evolution of the language awareness of the lower social class and the complicated language and national awareness in the borderline between ethnical groups. This paper briefly discusses the source material, which could be used in further research: peasants’ diaries, Sejm records, linguistic and sociological studies from the interwar period.
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This paper is dedicated to the lexical issues of the Polish language of the interwar period approached from the angle of language ethics. It represents the stream of structuralist research and has been prepared in accordance with the synchronic method. The author concentrates on describing selected aspects of the language of newspaper headlines. The object of the research paper is the lexical corpus of 106 issues representing 5 annals of a radical antisemitic weekly titled „Pod Pręgierz” (“In the Pillory”). The outcome of the performed analysis of the vocabulary of headlines has shown that the dominance of the lexical linguistic measures which negatively evaluate the Jewish community fully fits the lexis of „Pod Pręgierz” into the phenomenon of language aggression.
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The following article discusses the similarities and differences between the German and Hungarian education systems and teacher training programmes. The similarities are predominant and are the results of the worldwide technological, economic, political and scientific developments of the20th century, as well as of the Europeanization of education within the European Union in the sign of “lifelong learning for all”. Some similarities regarding the structure of the education system (e.g. the dual system of vocational education and training) are owed to the development of the Hungarian education system according to the German model. The differences are mostly to be found in the areas of management, administration and control of the education system and are results of national traditions and historical developments in Germany and Hungary.
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The author discussed a few expressions of the jailer. He excerpted lexical material from Polish historical studies from the 19th century and the beginning the 20th century. In the article the author presented the provenance of some expressivisms. He analysed less familiar and forgotten names of prison guards: i.e.: kozula (‘little goat’), stary (‘old man’), żołdak (‘marauding soldier’), żebrak (‘beggar’), socha (‘mast, pillar, column’), krzyżak (‘cross as emblem’), dziad (‘poor’), cieć (‘warden, caretaker’), kamfuła (pejorative form ← camphor), straguła (pejorative name from strażnik/ straż ‘guard, sentry’). The text is inviting to join a discussion; some observations of the author are provoking to debate.
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The article focuses on the ways and mechanisms clausal substitution in English works, thoroughly analysing said cohesive relation along with some of its most typical instances. As the three environments in which clausal substitution exists are report, condition and modality, these are also explicitly defined. Bearing in mind that the English sentences containing clausal substitutes demonstrate the most typical instances of clausal substitution, the study is based on English literary texts which are translated into Bulgarian. Each sentence has several variants of translation: the original published version of the book in Bulgarian as well as the possible variants provided by the author, thus showing the various elements and devices corresponding to English clausal substitutes. The most representative ones are, in turn, analysed and categorized. As a result, the article also describes and discusses the different means through which cohesion is rendered in Bulgarian.
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Literary translation, despite the numerous rewards it offers both to translators themselves and the humanity in general, is considered to be the most challenging type of translation. Research shows that numerous factors contribute to this state of affairs. The differences between the source and target language and culture surely account for a large portion of the challenges that arise in doing literary translation. In addition, literature abounds with diverse literary genres – the most predominant ones being prose¬, poetry and plays. Each of them features a set of specific traits which when transferred into the target language need to be addressed with special deliberation. Nevertheless, a plethora of issues that literary translators grapple with are common to all three literary genres. These encompass translating the title, the culture-specific terms, slang, expletives, subtext, style, etc.This paper is intended to shed some light on these common pitfalls that recur in translating diverse literary genres, and is intended to be of assistance to novice literary translators. What makes the study particularly valid and authentic is the fact that the points discussed are illustrated with instances of translation solutions extracted from empirical studies of Macedonian translations of literary works originally written in English.
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This text presents some of the words for snail and slug from the Bulgarian language territory. This analysis touches upon more than one scientific field. The aim is to show some of the ways in which the words for the concept in question arose on the Bulgarian language territory on the basis of selected material.
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This article explores some Bulgarian and Czech terms from Slavic demonology, such as morava, mora, navi, bludičky and můra, focusing on semantic changes which occurred in the 19th century and the contemporary state of the terms cited. It demonstrates their denotation of demonic creatures, their etymology and their meaning as used by native speakers of Czech and Bulgarian over the course of more than a century. Semantic changes are not only indicative for language evolution but also bear significance for keeping Slavic traditions and heritage alive due to the indestructible connection between myth and language and between myth and religion.
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This article offers a discussion of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian mental verbs from the perspective of syntactic valence. The author examines grammatical forms of propositional argument in sentences with mental verbs which represent predicate-argument structure P (x, q). All syntactic forms in the focus of this study are classified into several patterns: observance, compression and splitting. The author demonstrates that what they involve is analogical reflection of propositional structure, greater or smaller compression of propositional argument, or its segmentation and doubling of syntactic position. The author examines the regularity of implementation of each grammatical form in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian on the basis of relevant quantitative data.
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Oleksandr Mel′nychuk (1921–1997) made a great contribution to the theory and methodology of historical-comparative studies of genetically related languages. His work mainly concerned three areas: the word family approach to the study of Slavic, Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, the theory of monoglottogenesis, and the historical typology of Slavic languages. After a brief overview of his life and work, this study focuses on the first area, outlining the principal features of the word family approach he developed, both theoretically and with regard to research on the origin of particular Slavic lexical items.
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This article is a report from an international academic conference held on 5–6 June 2018 in Kiev, organised by the Institute of the Ukrainian Language, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The event was entitled “Metalanguages of dictionaries of various types: Construction and application” and was devoted to the methodology of developing different types of dictionaries and metalanguages used in Slavic and non Slavic lexicography.
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