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The associative meaning of the word is a kind of "window" in the linguistic consciousness of the individual. With its help one can reconstruct the image about the world. Real world phenomena, acknowledged by man, are reflected in his consciousness, fixing the temporal, causal, spatial and even emotional relations, caused by the perception of these phenomena. All the associations can be interpreted as a model of linguistic consciousness, and in the opinion of psycholinguists one of the best ways to study it is the associative analysis. The article explores the associative field of the concept Family in Romanian. Despite being a universal value of any national culture, in the individual consciousness of the representatives of different ethnic cultures various associations and representations correspond to this concept.
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The article deals with verbal and semantic means of embodying futural semantics in the story Ring one of the representatives of postmodern literature – Mikhail Veller. The author reveals special ways of presenting the storyline, provoking futural sThe article deals with verbal and semantic means of embodying futural semantics in the story Ring one of the representatives of postmodern literature – Mikhail Veller. The author reveals special ways of presenting the storyline, provoking futural semantics. Particular attention is paid to such features as the fragmentation of the image of space, the lack of a name for the pt, the temporal pathway of the reincarnation of the object. In the composition of the spectrum of futural semantics, the seme forecast is especially activated. In addition, the correlation of futural semantics and the semantics of possible worlds is described and the value of this ratio for revealing the author's ideological intent. It consists in the fact that unrighteous actions, a distorted interpretation of human values as well as ignoring them in the past and present inevitably deprive a person of the future. This idea fits into the postmodern cultural paradigm, which is characterized by the neu¬tralization of the boundaries of the past, present and future in the philosophical and linguistic apprehension.
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Today, if we are talking about the Olympics, we are not just talking about a sporting event where specific athletes achieved particular results, winnings and losses. The impacts of such (sports, media) events and their interpretation in the media are much greater, from economic, socio-cultural to geopolitical. There is also a transcendence into the field of the linguistics. Flashbacks four years ago to the Winter Olympics Games in Sochi is form this view also – and still – very interesting.
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The essay concerns the work of Joanna Mueller, who is one of the main representatives of polish linguistic poetry. Her project combines the tradition of linguistic poetry and body experience. This strategy requires the development of a new understanding of the language, which will no longer be conceived as a trap references, but rather as one of many elements of reality. The best way to describe the work of the poet’s imagery is stratification, both in terms of the attitudes adopted by Mueller, by the subjects, to the construction of the poem. Equally important it seems to be the prospect of motherhood, both in terms of artistic activity, as well as the practices of life.
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A statistic can be a powerful rhetorical tool in political discourse, but it can also be quickly dismissed by a resistant audience. This article argues that the statistic’s association with Aristotelian inartistic proof (in Greek: pisteis atechnoi, Lat. probationes inartificiales) can, counterintuitively, encourage resistant audiences to be dismissive, to think that statistics “lie.” By drawing from the concept of framing in media studies, I explore how the language used around a calculation can better serve readers when it is more explicit about the statistic’s creation from a social process—that it is invented rather than used in argument. If statistics rely on interpretation, rhetors should invite their audience to interpret rather than insist on an interpretation. I use examples from news articles covering immigration in the United States to explore a frame that does such insisting and a frame that invites.
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This essay explores the idea that calling bullshit exemplifies Mercier and Sperber”s social intuitionist theory. It discusses a range of empirical research related to bullshit, including belief in the worldviews of Individualist vs. Communitarian and Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian with regard to accepting and rejecting ideas. Calling bullshit fits well with using the heuristics of like/not like and cognitive mechanisms of debunking misinformation.
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The presence or absence of accusative clitic doubling in Bulgarian clauses with direct object preposing serves grammatical or pragmatic purposes and falls within the discussion on word order, in particular the analysis of clauses exhibiting marked word order. Grammatical doubling occurs in clauses where the clitics are part of the verb’s morpho logical make-up and in clauses where the clitics serve as case markers for disambiguating the syntactic function of the initial noun phrase (NP). Pragmatic clitic doubling does not affect the clause grammaticality or in terms of semantics: it serves as a topicality marker, signaling the discourse-old status of the preposed NPs’ referents or is used to activate such referents. Pragmatic clitic doubling may occur with focused discourse-old NPs, which at first sight may appear as an inconsistency: one would expect that the topic and focus should be identified differently. In Bulgarian pragmatic accusative clitic doubling is not admissible only when the preposed NP realizes contrastive, emphatic focus.
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The term Chomskyan revolution, referring to the innovative current in modern American linguistics and Noam Chomsky as it’s leading figure, permeated the metaphorical imagery of the popular linguistic and socio-cultural spheres in the USA. This term actually surpassed specialized linguistic circles, where it designated Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar model and normally appeared in quotation marks. However, although Chomskyan revolution came to occupy a central position in the American network of unquestioned cultural mythologemes, its Bulgarian reception was different. The overall impression in Bulgarian linguistic and socio-cultural circles regarding the revolutionary leap has been rather skeptical and reserved, although the Chomskyan grammar model itself has been introduced into research practice. Such a difference in attitudes towards the status of transformational-generative grammar in the source and a target country is discussed here in terms of motivations and basic positions.
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Netlect would be another name for the instant messaging and other communication through social networks. The term has not yet been used and it is unusual to mark this concept, as Crystal has called it "Texting" in English. Not because the fact that the term “text” would not function in Albanian, but the most suitable term for this variety of language would be netlect, as a blending word consisted of “net(work)” and “(dia)lect)”. Caroline Tagg, analysing David Crystal's "Texting the gr8 db8", says that this book is "a fun and illuminating discussion of the great debate that surrounds the media ", while the main thesis of the book relates to the notion that the texting not only doesn’t hurt the language, but it can have beneficial effects on growth skills of knowledge and ability to write. The traditional view considers texting as a messy speech that damages language and communication. However, is it so? Research shows that the text is actually turning into netlect and it is not done at all. Pristina youngsters will correct you while texting, which means there is a grammaticality. Kosovo's netkeeper does not accept "jam", but "jom"; does not accept the form "kam hanger" or "hangër” or “kam”, but "kom honger", etc..The netlect, therefore, regardless of the tags is more than slang - it has grammatical rules.That although different from those normative, are still the rules. The extraordinary infrastructure of spreading and enforcing rules, social differentiation and other attributes make netlect a pervasive phenomenon.
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Italo-albanian dialect is influenced by Italian language because they are in contact; Italian presence in arbëresh is about lexicon, about syntax and about the information structure.It is historical linguistic minority idioma and it has different varieties with many different characteristics.The Italian influence is substantial but it shows an important link with the original language, in fact, the loans have the Albanian grammatical structure.A new linguistic code was formed.
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In the southeastern part of Bulgaria is situated the village of Mandrica - an authentic Albanian village where Albanian language is still spoken. According to a legend the settlement was founded in XVII century by three breeding brothers who came from Vithkuq village near Korça. After the placement they built a dairy, from which comes the name of the settlement (in Bulgarian dairy is "mandra"). The authors of the book "Four centuries non-aligned" Muharrem Idrizi and Alush Kamberi define the village of Mandrica as a phenomenon in the world of the Albanian diaspora since the Albanian language has been preserved and is still being talked about nowadays. In April 2015, Bulgaria's first Bulgarian-Albanian dictionary came out in the Bulgarian books market, which reflects the specific form of the Albanian Dialect of Mandrica village. The author is the local teacher Marija Georgieva-Peeva, while publishing consultant is a former diplomat and Albanian language scholar Ludmill Stankov. The book was published with the help of the Association for the Resurrection of the Mandrica. In more than 120 pages the author describes the Albanian language. The book is divided into six main parts: history of Mandrica, short grammar, colloquial vocabulary, Albanian alphabet, pronunciation of singers and consonants, literature. In the short grammar are described surnames, verbs, adverbs. Each word is presented in four variants: Bulgarian, pronunciation in Bulgarian, transcription with Albanian alphabet and literary standard of Albanian language. In the dictionary are the most popular words and phrases used in the daily life of Mandrica, which are divided in a thematic way: acquaintance, visit, greetings and congratulations, occupations, weather, shopping and home, food and drinks, city, travel. In the Albanian dialect of Mandrica, influences from Bulgarian, Turkish and Greek are noticed, but this impact has not changed the essence of language.
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This paper shall examine the Albanian language used in the Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo in a bid to investigate the use of Albanian language varieties in this institution. The corpus for this paper consists of four selected parliamentary sessions. Official transcripts, but also the recordings, of the sessions will be examined to compare and contrast the spoken and written language in the transcripts. Of special interest will be the spoken language of the members of Parliament. Written speeches (which are read out in the sessions) will not be featured in this paper for the simple reason that they are generally edited/proof-read in advance and this shuts out the varieties of Albanian the people, in this case the MPs, actually speak in Kosovo. For comparison, and to illustrate the phenomenon, besides Albanian language varieties, this paper will examine the varieties of German in the German Bundestag, drawing upon the latter’s transcripts and recordings of parliamentary sessions. The research work that has gone towards completing this paper will expose both the linguistic competence of the Kosovo (and German) parliamentarians, and the different practices of the treatment (the editing process involved) of the spoken language of speakers coming from the major legislative bodies in Kosovo and Germany.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the linguistic variety of Rugova area of Peja. This variety represents the continuum of Northwestern Gegë variety. In the last two decades there has been a great lingering change of this variety due to population migration in the city of Peja and its surroundings as well as changes of social circumstances, and permanent contact with Northeastern Gegë speakers which are main factors that have affected this linguistic change.The change is evidenced by field research surveys which were conducted in the first part of 2016. The analysis of the corpus shows that only the old generation still uses this variety, while medium and young generation speak Northeastern Gegë variety, with pronounced tendencies of greater use of standard Albanian variety.The study shows that Rugova's speech is at a final phase of extinction for its users.
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This paper is an attempt to describe and assess the language and discourse that takes place in classes of citizenship education in the tenth grade of a high school in Pristina. Basically, the language used in the classroom is always academic as are the contents and the discourse developed during the education process. The paper, however, concludes that the language used in the class differs greatly from the language used in the textbook. The paper describes and assesses the manner in which discourse is produced and controlled by the teacher as well as linguistic tools used to build cohesion and coherence. The use of discourse markers as well as discourse strategies that are used to facilitate understanding are also subject matter of this paper.
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The Albanian colony in Bulgaria, mainly in Sofia, but also in other cities, has developed various activities in the field of education, culture as well as journalism. Thus, Sofia became a center of imense importance for Albanian Renaissance. One of the main topics discussed was the one raised by Albanian Renaissance activists about using varieties of Albanian in various public areas. Most of the Albanian activists in Bulgaria have been from the southeastern part of Albanian; therefore, they used the Tosk varieties in their writings and supported the rise of the Albanian standard above the characteristics of these varieties. Some varieties of Gheg Albanian are used in the Bulgarian public domain, too. The best example was Josif Bager's literary and publicist activity. This paper presents and analyzes the views of Albanian Renaissance activists in Bulgaria about the alphabet and standard of Albanian language at the beginning of the XX century. The paper is based on the research of the language of Albanian newspapers such as "Drita", "The Albanian Language of Albania", etc., on archival sources and works of Albanian Renaissance activists published in Bulgaria during this period.
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The reciprocal relations with the non standard variations of the language have been and are still the main ways to enrich the language development. In the circles of the linguists very often are treated various issues on the relations of the dialect with the language, mainly in the lexical direction. The contact of the standard language with the patois variants raises the discussion of two philosophies which are incompatible with each other: on one hand is the philosophy of including all the national linguistic values in the standard language, and on the other hand the theory of non mixing both systems. This study aims to give its contribution into the deep research of the varieties of the spoken language, by researching the spoken language directly, by studying the directions of the movement mainly those lexical and the linguistic reality that present these movement, based on Comsky’s view, who states that languages are internal and individual. According to Comsky, the language does not have a scientific reality, but is an entity with a general meaning, and there are no criteria to identify both variants of language, identical or different, as there does not exist “one language”, “one linguistic standard” external for the individuals, as all languages are internal and individual. At the end of the study, the analyses of the dialect trends help us to directurw the movement direction related to the active lexicon and the trends of development of the standard language.
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The migratory movements of the population within the country after the 1990s have brought about the proximity of the population from different geographical areas of the country. The purpose of my paper is to note the changes that occur as a result of linguistic coexistence between geographical varieties. What happens to these language varieties when geography borders are deleted and the population coexist as a result of migration flows within the country?My origin from Muhurri of Dibra, as well as contact with the arriving from this area in the city where I live in Durres, made me excuse to write this paper which will be based mainly on the sociolinguistic level (interrelations between speech and society). These individuals, part of their families, with the separation from the province, have carried with them their linguistic features, wardrobe, habits, and lifestyle. In addition to geographic shift, they are already part of a new social community, they have also faced the changing role in the social community and often of the social class. Because different social groups use different varieties, language and society relationships have changed. The displaced families have found support from each other and are close to their neighbors, not completely weakening the ties with the province from these families being displaced.Methods used: Interviewing a qualitative method was conducted with residents of the village of Muhurr, who now live in Durrës and the surrounding area as well as residents of Durres.Survey Method: The survey contains some questions that bring information about the year of displacement, age, and language behavior of these individuals.
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