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The article summarizes the characteristics of the unofficial (living) personal names of married women in the largest settlement of town Stará Turá – Paprad (Western Slovakia). It brings the results of quantitative analysis of unofficial (living) personal names. The core of the article is formed by the overview of the distribution of naming models, along with unofficial (living) personal names. The most frequent unofficial (living) personal names in the class of married women in Paprad are two-member unofficial (living) personal names (39.4%) and three-member models (40.3%). Models with a frequency of 1 are 167, which is 81.07% of models. In total there are 206 models of names of married women. The living personal names of the most frequent model, which is a one-member model with a functional element surname by father in the form of a dialectical suffix -ka, account for only 2.23% of all living personal names in the class of married women in Paprad. Direct, indirect and descriptive live personal names are documented in the site and class.
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The paper deals with various interpretations and comprehensions of the term language policy as well as its relations with other sociolinguistic phenomena, above all with language planning and standardization. After the theoretical approach, the author pays a special attention to the macrolevel of the language policy in Montenegro, especially of the language policy de iure. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the language policy is a part of a common policy of a society and that it is always regulated by the state.
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Media disourse is a very interesting area for research, both because media are a part of our lives and because the approach to their analysis is interdisciplinary. In the analysis of print media discourse, the starting point is usally the structure of news stories as described by van Dijk, which implies analysis of macro and micro structure of texts. However, linguistic analysis itself is not enough to study a genre such as news story. This approach is therefore supplemented by Critical Discourse Analysis whose main representative is Fairclough. This approach uses the obtained results of linguistic analysis in explaining ideological, political, social and other circumstances that influence creating of a news story. Our analysis has shown that it is the combination of linguistic and intercultural analysis of texts that provides the best results in studying daily newspaper articles. In addition, the analysis has shown, among other things, that parts of macro structure are not clearly separated, as it may be concluded from the existing literature. Actually, two parts of macro structure may have a dual function or can be found next to one another even within a single sentence. The examples used in the paper were taken from articles of British dailies the Guardian, the Independent and the Times on NATO airstrikes on Yugoslavia in 1999. These examples, especially those at the micro level, illustrate to what extent the personal attitude of a journalist influences the manner of reporting in British media.
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This paper presents Beaugrande’s views on text linguistics presented in the paper entitled Text linguistics at the millennium: Corpus data and missing links. In the theoretical segment of the paper, Beaugrande not only places text linguistics on the axis of modern approaches to language, but he also provides a summary of a number of other theories and compares them to the ideas which represent the basis of the linguistic branch he belongs to. The practical section of the paper employs the basic mechanisms of text linguistics in order to analyse the terms „theory“, „practice“, „theoretical“ and „practical“.
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This paper investigates the reasons why antonymous pairs are used in a particular sequence in English electronic corpus. Its aim is to determine and analyze the factors that influence antonym sequence by analyzing sentences that feature chosen antonymous pairs. Sentences were taken from the electronic corpus of the English language. The analysis reveals that the majority of pairs investigated prefers certain sequence in the sentence and that there are several criteria that influence why a particular antonymous pair favours one sequence over the other.
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The paper presents the basic theoretical principles of conflict linguistics. Following the elaboration of the universal principles which can be applied to a whole range of sociolinguistic situations of conflict, special attention is paid to the analysis of the possibilities of applying such general principles to the analyses of language conflict between the ideology of standard and the ideology of dialects. Although most research into linguistic conflict has been carried out on the basis of the analyses of the relationship between majority and minority language varieties, the paper presents the arguments on the basis of which it is possible to argue the validity of using the same principles in order to provide a more exhaustive explanation of the various types of relationships that may hold between the standard and nonstandard. The paper closes with an overview of research of English standard and nonstandard varieties the results of which can be further elaborated following the theoretical principles of conflict linguistics.
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The complexity of the relationship of reality and fantasy, imagination and contemplation, life and art of truth, were the topics disucussed among others, by Thomas Mann and Hermann Hesse, pointing to the series of irresolvable aporia in all areas of spiritual activities that deal with them, regardless of the type (philosophical, aesthetic, anthropological, psychological and poetološku). The most commonly applied methods were interpretive, analytical, generative and comparative and the types of opinions (empirical, by analogy, logical, intuitive and logical-discursive). Affinity and heterogeneity of the creative processes illustratively confirm the opinion of the interference of traditional and modern forms of culture, diversity and Applied paradigmatics as well as of all types of intentional and linguistic arcs.
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Review of: Snježana Kordić, “Jezik i nacionalizam”, Durieux, Zagreb, 2010
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Les relations sémantiques d'hyponymie/hypéronymie et de partie/tout sont basées sur l'hiérarchie et l'inclusion. Elles sont très importantes pour l'apprentissage du lexique d'une langue. L’hyperonymie est la relation sémantique hiérarchique d'un lexème à un autre selon laquelle l'extension du premier terme, plus général, englobe l'extension du second, plus spécifique. Le premier terme se nomme hyperonyme de l'autre, ou superordonné par rapport à l'autre - l'hyponyme. La relation hyponymie/hypéronymie se différencie, entre autres, de la relation partie/tout par le fait que l'hyperonyme impose ses propres caractéristiques à l'hyponyme. En revanche, le tout en aucun cas ne peut imposer ses propres caractéristiques à la partie. Ce sont pourtant deux types de relations sémantiques très proches sur bien des points mais qui se toutefois, différencient distinctement. La synonymie, l’antonymie et la co-hyponymie sont des relations sémantiques basées sur l’équivalence et l’opposition. Les synonymes ont le même sens, les antonymes le sens opposé, tandis que les co-hyponymes partagent une même relation hiérarchique avec un hyperonyme. En raison de leur structure les synonymes parfaits sont très rares. Les antonymes se répartissent en trois groupes distincts : contradictoires, contraires et converses. Les co-hyponymes sont mutuellement exclusifs: une saison est ou l'automne ou l'hiver. Le principe de dichotomisation, qui est présente dans ces types de relations sémantiques, est un principe essentiel au fonctionnement de la langue parce qu’il est conforme au schéma cognitif. La plupart du temps on catégorise nos expériences de manière binaire.
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Rad se zanima tekstnolingvističkom analizom slogana automobilskih marki BMW, Mercedes i Audi. Korpus se sastoji od 125 slogana, a kao izvor je poslužila internetska stranica www.slogans.de – „Die Datenbank der Werbung“. Analizi se pristupilo iz dva aspekta. Vremensko-tematski se aspekt odnosi na to, kako su se slogani mijenjali tijekom godina, koji su koncepti u kojem vremenu bili u središtu zanimanja i kako su jezično ostvareni. Jezični se aspekt bavio tekstnolingvističkom analizom. Istražila se uporaba leksičkih sredstava i njihova funkcija u sloganima. Analiza jezičnoga aspekta pokazala je da svi slogani imaju sličnu jezičnu formu. Većinom se pojavljuju kao elipse, premda ima i slučajeva kada imaju oblik pune rečenice. Većina slogana je na njemačkome jeziku, no ima ih i na engleskome. Oni su nešto mlađeg datuma i sami po sebi predstavljaju koncept. Što se tiče vrsta riječi, u svim su sloganima koncepti najčešće izraženi preko imenica, a rjeđe preko pridjeva, glagola i drugih vrsta riječi. Imenice, osim što imaju vrlo važnu semantičku funkciju, naglašavaju osobine i posebnosti proizvoda. Pridjevi i glagoli osim semantičkih imaju naravno i sintaktičku funkciju. Nadalje, kada govorimo o stilskim sredstvima, analiza pokazuje da se rabe u sloganima svih automobilskih marki. Osobito su značajna, jer se njima recipijentu ubacuje „crv u uho“, odnosno ostaju mu dulje u pamćenju. Rezultati analize vremensko-tematskog aspekta pokazuju da broj slogana rastao tijekom desetljeća. 50te i 60te godine 20. stoljeća vrlo su siromašne sloganima; nema ih ili ih ima vrlo malo. To je svakako rezultat činjenice da je svaka tvrtka na početku proizvodila vrlo malo modela, pa je bilo i malo slogana. Danas je situacija potpuno drukčija, jer svaka tvrtka proizvodi puno modela, pa stoga nailazimo i na puno slogana. No, bitno je naglasiti da je u svakome desetljeću dominirao neki drugi koncept, primjerice u 20. stoljeću ističu se koncepti poput kvalitete, rentabilnosti, sigurnosti, a u 21. luksuz, veličina, dinamičnost, brzina. Koncepti se vremenom mijenjaju, zato što ovise o pulsu vremena i zato što su podložni marketinškim pravilima. Međutim, mogu se naći slogani u kojima koncepti samo jezično izgledaju drugačije, semantički su pak zadržali istu vrijednost. Značenjska se kongruencija koncepata najbolje vidi na sloganima koji oslikavaju temeljni koncept i na kojemu je izgrađen cjelokupni konceptualni imidž: Mercedes bira kvalitetu, BMW zadovoljstvo u vožnji a Audi tehniku. Naposljetku se može reći da je glavna zadaća slogana u malo riječi reći bitno, a uz to još obratiti se recipijentu i utjecati na njega. Zbog toga se ljudi koji rade u reklamnim timovima služe različitim jezičnim tehnikama i strategijama. Koriste strane riječi, neologizme i igre riječima, kako bi doprli do recipijenta i skrenuli mu pozornost na proizvod. No, iza toga u pravilu stoje koncepti koji ne ovise samo o vremenu i tržištu nego i povezuju emitenta i recipijenta.
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The article presents speech therapy used in work with children with autism spectrum disorder, starting from the essence of the actions taken, the scope and forms of interactions, and the co-organization of the supportive process. The specificity of the problem of acquiring linguistic competencies of children with autism, the variety of determinants (including age and progressiveness and/or regression of development), as well as the individual acquisition of this skill are the pivotal elements in shaping the therapy model. The organization, technical support, and the environment (its level of involvement) are important elements supporting and sometimes determining the achieved effects of therapy.
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This article is the second part of a study concerned with vocabulary in autism spectrum disorders. It presents a qualitative description of vocabulary in people with autism, and more precisely – its content aspect. After a short presentation of theoretical and methodological assumptions, the author proceeds to characterize the categories of things and events and their lexical exponents: nouns and verbs. The analysis of the research material, appropriately selected literature, shows that in the language of people with autism, as in the language of people with typical linguistic development, the categories of things and events are clearly represented. There are analogies, similarities, but also differences within specific semantic subcategories and lexical exponents. The research results are highly varied, and the author tries to explain the reasons for this variation. She also determines how the analysis carried out paves the way for further studies on vocabulary in autism.
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The presented paper concerns the diagnostics and therapy of dysarthria in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica, SLA, Charcot disease), one of the incurable neurodegenerative diseases. On the example of a 46-year-old patient, the characteristic symptoms of the disease were analyzed in relation to the speech therapy literature. The article was presented in the form of a case study due to the small number of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The incidence of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SSLA) is on average 1.9 per 100,000 per year in both Europe and North America. The incidence of SLA is estimated to be about 7 out of 100,000 in the general population. The study used the “Ocena stanu dyzartrii” [Assessment of dysarthria status] by Izabela Gatkowska was supplemented with an interview with the respondent and available medical documentation, and then a therapy plan was proposed.
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The aim of the presented analysis is to show the articulation tendencies of the deformations of the consonant cluster /st/ in the speech of children with specific language impairment (SLI). The research material consisted of 30 words containing the consonant cluster /st/ in three word positions. The study group consisted of eight children (two girls and six boys) diagnosed with SLI aged between 4–5 years. The words were analyzed for the presence of such phonetic and phonological processes as: fortition (strengthening), lenition (weakening), reduction, metathesis, epenthesis, articulation splitting, etc. The article concisely presents the development process of consonant clusters in the ontogenesis of speech.
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The theoretical aspect of the article presents dysphagia and dysphonia in children with vocal fold paralysis caused by surgical interventions – the causes, symptoms, diagnostic possibilities, as well as initial therapeutic recommendations. In practical terms, the authors would like to show methods of examining the voice and swallowing disorders in toddler patients who participated in the experimental-clinical trial at the University Children’s Hospital in Krakow. The article discusses two case studies which were to be used to develop a standard of neurological therapy dedicated to this type of patients. The authors focused on presenting the relationship between the functional/myofunctional diagnosis, and the diagnosis of the prelingual and linguistic skills in children in terms of the development of linguistic and communicative competence. In this approach, myotherapy is to form the basis of activities necessary in the framework of early therapeutic intervention, which are to stimulate the speech development in children. In conclusion, the article specifies the therapeutic recommendations that have been developed on the basis of the research procedures presented.
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Obstructive sleep apnoea is an increasingly frequent lifestyle disease which affects both children and adults, affecting more than 10% of the adult population. The risk factors include unhealthy lifestyle, older age, structural and functional changes in the orofacial area as well as spinal cord injuries. Presently, there is no specific treatment of this disorder. One of the options for supportive treatment to alleviate the occurrence of apnoea during sleep is orofacial myofunctional therapy. The aim of the research presented in the article was to identify speech-language therapists’ awareness of the application of myofunctional therapy as a treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea and their awareness of the therapeutic methods in patients under supervision of a speechlanguage therapist. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the possibility of using myofunctional therapy among patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
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The lexicon in a language contact situation represents the barometer that determines the linguistic situation of a community. In Algeria, a multilingual country par excellence, the linguistic multiplicity and the diversity of uses challenge us in more ways than one. During this progression, we will describe and then analyze the lexical component of the mother tongue of a group of young Mostaganemois students enrolled in the French department. It appears that young speakers partially or totally integrate lexical units of French and appropriate them according to the phonic, morphological and semantic structures of their mother tongue. How does this lexical element called borrowing appear? Is it circumstantial or permanent? The structural analysis inspired by that initiated by Henriette Walter (1994-1), through which we will highlight the dynamics of these linguistic units in the mother tongue of young speakers in our area of investigation.
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The aspect of the subjunctive and the indirect querying in Côte d'Ivoire falls within the general framework of the problem of the appropriation of the French language in French-speaking Africa. The observation of an obvious difference in some aspects of local French, relative to standard French, has been made for a few decades already which was first based on a problem of linguistic incompetence before tending, today, towards a manifest desire for freedom vis-à-vis standard French. The use of the normative structure of the two modalities in standard French on the one hand and on the other to descriptive linguistics to situate them in local French has made it possible to observe indeed changes in the local form that appear today as the manifestation of a sense of identity and an assumed appropriation. This article therefore shows that the morphosyntactic differences observed between Standard French and Local French and, in particular, the nonconformity of the subjunctive and the indirect querying in local French in relation to the norm far from being considered as a disability must be perceived as a challenge which encourages the search for autonomous ways in French expression in Africa.
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The concepts of locution and sentence are the linguistics concepts that permit us to structure our language over function of communicative context in appearance. People considers usually as locution all structure not syntactic able to carry good precise information. And sentence upon his part determines as all syntactic construction respecting the schema S+V± Compl. Our objective will go away of the Spanish grammar. To conduct well our investigation, we will use certain patterns that permit us to observe and analyse the behaviour of the secondary’s teachers of Spanish foreign language (SFL) of Libreville way out of University Omar Bongo of Gabon.
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