LINGUISTIC INTERFERENCES BETWEEN THE ROMANIAN FUNCTIONAL STYLES
In this paper, we are trying to bring into focus some linguistic interferences that are between different Romanian functional styles: scientific, legal and media language.
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In this paper, we are trying to bring into focus some linguistic interferences that are between different Romanian functional styles: scientific, legal and media language.
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The analysis of some linguistic structures that are defining for the biblical discourse will capture both, the differences and the similarities of construction encountered in all the three languages taken into discussion. The paper attempts to focus on some morphosyntactic elements (the categories of tense and mood being mostly emphasized) and on the changes that might appear at the level of canonical word order, for example emphatic constructions and verb elliptical structures, some discourse related issues being also mentioned.
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Romanian lexis is into a continuous development and evolution by means of words that are coming into it, bring new meanings and accomplish a new role to the linguistic enrichment of our language. We are going to reveal the way in which sporting language, that is a professional one, influences the Romanian vocabulary, through words, expressions that are specific to different sporting domains.
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When thinking of culture and civilization, one thinks of history, literature, philosophy, art and various other domains, but seldom does one think of the importance and influence that a nation‘s language has on it. This paper emphasises the early stages of the becoming of the English language. This will be put in connection with the waves of invaders that pillaged and settled on the Isles. A more detailed analysis will be provided for the Norman Conquest and its linguistic and cultural influences that took part in the making of nowadays England.
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Tradierte Konzepte werden durch ständigen Gebrauch bei den Sprechern mental gefestigt. Von der Allgegenwärtigkeit der Metapher im Alltag ausgehend, zeigt der Beitrag am Beispiel der Konzeptualisierung von WAHNSINN/ VERRÜCKTHEIT auf, wie dieser extreme Geisteszustand im Deutschen versprachlicht wird, wie reich hierbei das phraseologische Material ausfällt und welches Metapherninventar für dieses Konzept vorhanden ist.
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Die Verfasserin nimmt sich vor, die Übernamen N a r r , für einen närrischen, törichten Menschen, sehr oft aber auch nach einer, in mittelalterlichen Fastnachts- oder Karnevalsspielen, besetzten Narrenrolle und den Namen U n s i n n , für einen wahnsinnigen Menschen, zu etymologisieren und die heutigen Namen Narr (518 Tel. ) und Unsinn (233 Tel.) in Deutschland geografisch zu lokalisieren. Beide Namen konzentrieren sich im Süd- und Ostmitteldeutschen (vgl. Namenkarte Narr und Unsinn). Darüber hinaus wird der Name N a r r , der aus dem gleichlautenden Appellativ hervorgegangen ist, etymologisch mit dem Appellativ Narr und mit sprichwörtlichen und phraseologischen Bildungen mit dem Kernwort Narr, kontextualisiert und etymologisch analysiert (vgl. natürliche Narren, Berufsstand des Narrentums und Narrenrollen in Fastnachtsspielen).
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In this article, the author tries to motivate her original choice of inserting explanatory translations under the form of footnotes in the translation of a graphic novel, by emphasising the didactic purpose of the target text. Besides that, the article being a summary of the translation analysis, Eliza Biță also talks about the main challenges one has to face when translating such a text, giving examples of lexical choices, grammar, syntax, tense and punctuation changes, with savoury quotes from the Romanian translation. Thus, we are explained step by step why she chose to guide the readers along the target text, providing explanations and supplementary information that actually build a bridge between the two cultures, the exact purpose of a good literary translation, helping the reader get more acquainted with the French language and culture. This particular comic book is actually appropriate for footnotes, Biță claims, as it involves very few balloons, and the examples from her translation that are present in the article may convince us that her didactic purpose can be achieved and, possibly, become a new way of translating literary texts, based on a pedagogical approach, and of teaching foreign languages by means of literary translation.
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Although not long discussed and studied, code switching must have always existed and not been perceived otherwise than normal by its users, speakers with more than one mother tongue that have been able to communicate freely using all languages, mixing their grammar rules or vocabularies and still understanding each other, creating, therefore, a code that existed only in their region.The most common examples are known as Spanglish and Franglish. The Hungarians of Transylvania have also invented several smaller-scale linguistic codes of this kind, spoken in different cities and a larger-scale one, understood by every Hungarian in Transylvania - the Hungarian of Romania, with different word order, vocabulary, word formation both from Romanian and from standard Hungarian, and illustrating all the types of code switching identified by scholars. This article analyses this new linguistic code history of Transylvania and compared to the surrounding areas, giving examples of Transylvanian Hungarian.
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Reading it again, ,,Cratylos” is still an obscure text, but this is exactly why it reveals itself so rich in possibilities of interpretations. Subtitled ―about the correct matching of the names‖, it is actually a sample of aporia. Seen as a mockery of Sophism, as a theory of the historical origin of language, as debating the conditions which clarify, among other things, the current character of the language, as a step towards the ontological status of words or as a draft of a philological explanation from which you can understand either the first notions of the modern linguistics, or the use of language by poets, the stakes of the Plato-type of dialogues, regarding names, seem to be altogether different, although their truth is never revealed until the end. One the idea that the name is either a purely conventional instrument, or a reproduction of the being, is inserted, the Socrates maieutics works with the elements specific to the acknowledged register (staging, sophisticated argumentation, metathesis, appendix, constraints, syncopes, challenging relativity with the doctrine, procedure as object of the discourse etc). Strangely enough, Socrates cratylises himself, using his power of argumentation to defend the thesis of Cratylos. At the end of the debate, positions will turn: the ,,truth” of the words derives from the flow and the uncertainty of the language, from its unstable nature which is strongly connected to the immobility of the being. Following this path, we become, as Plato suggests, non-committal and equally avoid riotous communication. In conclusion, the difficulty of the dialogue consists in the fact that the free and moral exercise of verbal creation is applied in the examining and the defining of the actual conditions which allow the use of the language.
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This essay discusses the complexity of the assessment scheme concerning MFL testing for GCSE in the UK, in terms of the writing exam. Assessments play a very important role and are part of our teaching process. It will be annotated how assessments focus on giving the teachers and the students a real perspective of their results. By assessing, the teachers actually promote learning. In the previous study, the process of writing has been analysed, by explaining and illustrating with examples all the differences and strategies. It has been emphasized that the writing process is a complex one and, according to Harmer, it includes four major steps: planning=>drafting=>editing=>final draft. For the topic to be properly approached, Adriana Vizental‘s theoretical model focused on marking the writing exams will be discussed and compared with the UK AQA examination board. Equally important, this study offers a closer look to how the writing exam is marked and it highlights the elaboration of the marking scheme.
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The subject of this study aim to establish the identity of the author who, towards the end of the 17th century, has decided to translate entirely a sophisticated Christian book of morality, such as „Amartolon sotiria”, the book of Agapie Landos. As a result of the research, the origin of this scholar can not be proven, since none of the manuscripts known so far contain the translator's signature or any explicit specification of his identity. Regarding this subject the reseachers made some assumptions. These assumptions are based on a note written by the author of one of the romanian manuscripts (this manuscript is a copy from the 18th century of the text translated into Romanian at the end of the 17th century). Also, these assumptions are based on identifying common linguistic features between the oldest text of the translation, kept in manuscripts (ms. BAR 2517, ms. BAR 494). Through this linguistic analysis the researchers tried to prove that Nicolae Spatarul Milescu translated the third part of the greek text and also the first two parts of the text – Agapie Landos' entire book. This was the age when the whole world was discussing religious subjects. It is assumed that Nicolae Spatarul Milescu initiated this translation stimulated by the cultural climate of the time, when in Constantinople, and probably also in Moldova, discussions on theological themes were common.
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Drawing on the claims put forth by cognitive semantics and cognitive grammar, this paper provides an analysis of three Romanian prepositions (spre, către, înspre) which share the central semantic features of direction and proximity. Although all these prepositions code basic spatial relations between two physical entities, they have developed further non-spatial meanings pertaining to temporal, teleological and stance scenarios. While suggesting diagrammatic representations for the image schemas underlying diverse prepositional meanings in conventional language contexts, it is argued that the spatial scene, due to its physical experiential grounding, serves as the foundation for the concrete to abstract semantic extension.
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The article focuses on the language facts analysis and makes references to the evolution of the field from theoretical comparison to its pragmatic application. Its spotlight falls on the comparative linguistics which widens its field through the association to other domains making place to brand-new re-interpretation and re-contextualization of old information through advanced processes of reasoning that reveal different objects of inquiry. The new research paradigms yield insights into the development stages of culture and civilization phenomena and exploit hypothesis of their future evolution. Our research highlights the role of cross disciplinarity for the practical benefit of knowledge and knowledge development in the domain of language study.
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The importance of phraseology or specialized lexical combinations in Terminology shows the meaning of terminologies for other realities than the term and importance of terminological collocations inside of technico-scientific speech.
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Those deprived of both hearing and sight who nevertheless manage to speak have drawn the attention of specialists from various fields, especially in light of the astonishing things that these disabled people managed to achieve. It is our belief that these cases are particularly relevant for the field of linguistics, considering the fact that, beyond the aspects pertaining to language acquisition, they also reveal a number of elements likely to shed light on the role of language and provide answers to seemingly unanswerable questions, such as, for instance: how would a human being relate to the world in the absence of language? Furthermore, by way of life experiences, they come to confirm numerous theoretical considerations regarding the definition and understanding of language. Therefore, the aim of our paper is to examine, in light of Helen Keller’s case, of her testimonies, some of these aspects relevant for a definition of the specific nature of language, for the understanding of the essential signifying function of language, which involves the emergence of signifieds, of linguistic contents, within the human conscience. Helen Keller’s life experience, presented in her autobiographical book The Story of My Life (1902), clearly indicates the fact that language is not an instrument of communication, as it is not a given and it is not exterior to the human being, but rather a symbolic and creative activity of the human being.
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Our approach proposes some theoretical reflections on the concepts which aim at the linguistic loan: neologism, which is used in common language and neonym, which is used in language of specialty and of course the related notions neology and neonymy.
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This paper aims to present the strategies which can be applied to form and develop the metaphorical competence from an intercultural perspective of integration of conceptual metaphors in the process of teaching Romanian as second language. In order to illustrate this complex process of the metaphorical nuances of communication, this approach offers an analysis of some conceptual metaphors which can be associated with the representation of life as a journey. The methodological premises of this approach are offered by the theoretical perspectives of cognitive linguistics about the conceptual metaphor, especially by the studies of George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, Zoltán Kôvecses, Raymond W. Gibbs Jr. The mechanisms of constructing meaning implied by the cognitive metaphor involve the association of two distinct conceptual domains, one being more abstract (the target domain) and the other being closer to the specific aspects of life (the source domain). The metaphorical process is based on the understanding of the target domain, explicit or implicit in the linguistic expression, in terms of the source domain. This approach proves that implicit conceptual metaphors can configurate linguistic sequences which do not seem metaphorical at a superficial level. In this direction, I chose a series of stable structures in Romanian language which can be associated with the conceptual metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY and I integrated these linguistic constructions in a questionnaire for some native Arabic students which have reached the B1+ level in the acquisition of Romanian as second language, in order to detect if they have the metaphorical competence to go deeper in the comprehension process, surpassing the strict literal understanding of these idiomatic expressions. In addition to this, in order to determine to what extent these metaphorical structures are universal or culturally specific, I applied a contrastive analysis, putting them in correspondence with their equivalent structures from the native language of the students, as they were detected by the students themselves. This experiment proves that the integration of the conceptual metaphor in the process of teaching Romanian as second language facilitates the comprehension and the conscious and active assimilation of Romanian by the foreign students, developing in the same time the metaphorical, the sociolinguistic and the intercultural communication competences.
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In this research we aim at accounting for several aspects of South Danubian dialects' lexis. For this purpose, we systematised both archaic lexical aspects inherited from Latin or the substratum and lexical elements that penetrated the speech of people from the South Danubian area through loans, as a result of their contact with other languages and civilisations.
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The paper explores the language-society relationship in the context of gender-neutral language, a part of inclusive communication that aims to avoid referring to a person's gender while inappropriately highlighting or attributing positive or negative characteristics exclusively associated with one gender. The analysis is situated in the linguistic aspect of so-called gender-sensitive language or gender-neutral language. The text studies the semantics of two phraseologisms in Bulgarian perceived as discriminatory, negatively marked and suggesting gender stereotypes. In order to investigate and analyze the reception and use of the phraseologies мъжка дума (man’s word) and мъжко момиче (man like girl) by school-age youth, we conducted a survey among respondents between 15 and 17 years old. The aim of the study was to analyze to what extent young people perceive the connotative meaning of the phraseologisms, whether they realize their semantics as evaluative and characterizing a certain type of behavior. The questions in the survey are devoted to the stylistic and connotative meaning of the studied expressions. The findings of the study show that phraseologisms with a component indicating a person's biological sex and expressing a certain attitude towards its stereotypical perception in society are not part of the active vocabulary of the Bulgarian students. Young people experience difficulties in defining their semantics. The text predicts that their reduced use in the near future will not be the result of policies enforcing the principles of inclusive communication. These phraseologies will naturally pass into the passive part of the lexical system due to ignorance of their semantics.
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The paper deals with the question of languages as means of communication. It analyses language instruction in institutions of higher learning. Areas of special interest are mentioned and some ways leading to the integration of all language skills into instruction are suggested.
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