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For about two years, the language of the new authorities has been constituting in Poland, made up by the comments of Jarosław Kaczyński, Chairman of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, and enunciations of the most important state officials and experts loyal to the ruling party, members of parliament, senators, Catholic church authorities and journalists who support the idea of the so-called “Good Change.”Many important, sometimes controversial words spoken by the representatives of the ruling camp appeal or directly concern democracy, its principles of operation or legitimacy. Due to the specificity, repetitive nature and regularity of these statements,one may speak of the formation of a “PiS-style democracy” discourse. The main rules of its formation are imposed by the chairman and ideologist of the ruling party and its programming documents. The presented article is therefore based primarily on statements made by the Chairman of Law and Justice and on the party’s official programme. The starting point is the hypothesis that the PiS-style democracy discourse and discourse formations in the Fourth Republic of Poland analysed in the article do not only recall or paraphrase slogans dating back to the Polish People’s Republic, but they also use cognitive categories, thought patterns and reasoning in line with the discourses imposed on Poles by the Soviets in the PPR era.The analysis shows that the discourses of the new authorities, in particular the PiS-style democracy discourse, emerge according to the rules of the discourses of Soviet dictatorship of the proletariat, as well as the democratic dictatorship of the PPR, imposed on Poles by the Soviet Union after World War II. Similarly, statements made by the representatives of the ruling camp concerning the development patterns of the economy and political practices, emerged under the influence of the rules of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the discourses of democracy in the Polish People’s Republic. The PiS-style democracy discourse evokes their key ideologemes and uses their typical thought patterns. As such, it is a post-colonial discourse not only due to the fact that it refers to slogans such as “do not interfere in the internal affairs of Poland” (one of the slogans most frequently used by the USSR: “do not interfere in the internal affairs of the USSR”) or “the street and the foreign powers” (similar to the Soviet call to “fight against internal reaction forces”and “foreign diversion centres”) or, concerning economy: “we will catch up with and defeat the West”... there are many comparisons like the ones presented above. The PiS-style democracy discourse can be first and foremost classified as post-Soviet, due to the fact that the monopoly on defining the “true” policy lies in the hands of Jarosław Kaczyński and his party, as the only infallible experts in the will of the people and nation. The voice of the party (or Jarosław Kaczyński) is therefore considered more important than the constitution, the letter of the law andthe judicial power, which should be subject to it. As it was the case with democratic dictatorship discourse in the Polish People’s Republic, in which the monopoly on political practices and defining politics was in the hands of the Polish United Workers’ Party and the duty of the judicial power was to guard this exclusive right. The PiS-style democracy discourse is becoming more and more similar in its form to the PPR discourse, differing primarily in the fact that “nation” replaced “proletariat” in the position of “the sovereign body”, however, both collectives demand full and “real” subjectivity. Similarly to the Marxist-Communist discourse, the PiS-style democracy discourse treats politics primarily as a theatre of shadows, in which scenes and events actually take place elsewhere – in another, “real” theatre. Ultimately, the welfare of individual citizens or the security of civil society are not important, just as the true (discernible) will of the proletariat or the sovereign nation. After all, Jarosław Kaczyński, is not interested in public discussion, social consultations or any other kind of empirical determination of this will, like the management and strategists of his party and the government formed by Law and Justice. Therefore, the risk of authoritarianism inherent in the PiS-style democracy discourse is high because, once again – just as in the discourses of the Soviet coloniser – it combines, on the one hand, a utopian vision of direct popular and national democracy and, on the other hand, an imperative of a “higher necessity”, which may make the intentions of the people “rising up from their knees” to carry out a temporary “revolution”,which may lead us to a permanent socialist and nationalist dictatorship.
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The aim of the paper is to describe the position of English as the international language of sport in the twenty-first century and its impact on Serbian sports terminology. The analysis is focused on the interactions between different socio-linguistic factors which led sport and English to the present-day status of being global phenomena and which, eventually, created English as the international language of sport which strongly influences Serbian sports terminology. Besides, the paper elaborates on latest sports trends and their various current linguistic consequences.
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Celem opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na prace, które ukazały się drukiem w latach 30. XX w. na łamach „Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny” i dotyczyły dziejów medycyny antycznej. Inicjatorem takiej tematyki badawczej był założyciel i długoletni redaktor tego periodyku Adam Wrzosek (1875–1965), wówczas profesor historii i filozofii medycyny Uniwersytetu w Poznaniu. W kierowanym przez niego zakładzie powstało pierwsze opracowanie: Poglądy Hippokratesa na etykę lekarską (1933). Staraniom prof. Wrzoska, który zaproponował współpracę pracującemu na tej samej uczelni prof. Witoldowi Klingerowi (1875–1962), filologowi klasycznemu, zawdzięczamy publikację na łamach „Archiwum” dwóch znakomitych przekładów oryginalnych tekstów Hippokratesa oraz Galena. Należy podkreślić, że tematyka wspomnianego powyżej artykułu i tekstów źródłowych pozostawała w ścisłym związku z potrzebą kształtowania etosu lekarza doskonałego jako osoby czystej moralnie, która korzysta z posiadanej wiedzy, mając na uwadze w największym stopniu szeroko pojęte dobro każdego pacjenta.
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The article discusses the metaphorical elements in the discourses of the media, i.e. the figurative naming and description of the facts covered by the media, the act of coding the message being a deed of the journalist, and that of decoding of the user of the information. How far and to what extent the coded meaningful messages are in accord with the decoded ones is the subject matter of the open associative experiment that has been conducted. It appears that interpretation depends upon the organization of the utterance or expression itself and upon the background knowledge of the tested individuals.
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Two new culinary magazines, masooo! (meeeat!) and Apetit veggie!, have been established in the Czech Republic recently, both published by Burda Praha, the Czech division of global media house Burda International. Firstly, masooo! targeted to male audience, has appeared in 2015 as a special edition of men’s lifestyle magazine Maxim, followed in 2016 by Apetit veggie!, a special edition of Apetit, the leading Czech lifestyle culinary magazine published since 2004. This paper presents the qualitative analysis of selected issues of the new titles. The author examines the differences in content and form of both periodicals, relating it to the current trends in the Czech print media market (notably fragmentation and segmentation) and several significant cultural trends (transformation of diverse diets into lifestyles, shifts in masculinity, etc.). Comparing the semiotic and discursive aspects of the magazines, the author attempts to determine whether some gendering, typical of the meat-oriented masooo!, could be identified in its vegan/vegetarian counterpart. However, the prospective feminine shaping of Apetit veggie! seems to be rather implicit. Moreover, some differences in the discursive framing of food have been identified, e.g. the ironic references to veganism in masooo! and the need for self-defence of a plant-based diet in Apetit veggie!
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In the article, the national elections in Slovakia, that took place March 5th 2016, are being analyzed. The author concentrates first of all on basic linguistic units that are used to provide evaluation of the leaders of eight major political parties. They were the parties that succeeded in getting into the Parliament of the Slovak Republic. Thus eight political leaders create a certain linguistic picture of Slovak politics of our time. We have used the main Slovak press representatives the daily newspapers Pravda and Sme a weekly magazine .týždeň and several of the major TV stations as the source of our research.
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This thesis investigates penetration of linguistics into marketing. The main purpose of the paper is to design a system for marketers to set an index of phrases efficiency already during construction of marketing product. The paper incorporates and connects field of cognitive linguistics with semiotics, philosophy, stylistics, theory of mass media communication and marketing. The knowledge from these fields is combined and applied in order to create an innovative approach for marketing production which would reflect individual perceptions of consumers to maximize efficiency and effective use of financial resources during designing a marketing product.
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The article involved views the problems of formation and functioning the system of values and behavioural stereotypes of modern Russian society. The author pays our attention to the fact that the social nature of advertising communication enables it to reflect all the nuances of society existence. The purpose of this article is to examine the dynamics of changes in the communicative space based on the analysis of mass media sources of a Russian advertising discourse.
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Daiktų internetui skirtų mokslinių tyrimų ir technologinės plėtros progresas labai spartus. Daiktų internetas gali technologiškai sujungti daugmaž visas elektroninių paslaugų teikimo sritis, įskaitant e. sveikatos, e. verslo ir prekybos, e. valdymo, net e. švietimo ir kitas paslaugas, o kur dar junginiais su žodžiu „išmanus“ ar „pažangus“ įvardijami projektai (tokie kaip išmanieji miestai, išmanusis transportas, išmaniosios ligoninės). Turint omenyje šiuos dalykus, vis labiau ryškėja žiūrėjimo į sąveikumą pirmiausia per technologijų prizmę (techninis sąveikumas), taip pat tam tikru mastu ir per semantikos prizmę (semantinis sąveikumas) trūkumai. Internetinių turinio platformų, vartotojams siūlančių vieną ar daugelį išteklių, gausa iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo pribloškianti. Atidžiau pažiūrėjus į šių išteklių turinio sąveikumą ir kokybę matyti, kad jiems dažnai trūksta teorinio-metodologinio pagrindo. Situacija tampa dar sudėtingesnė, kai turinys – ypač įvairių rūšių mikroturinys – yra kuriamas, prižiūrimas ir siejamas su kitu turiniu interneto naudojimu pagrįstais metodais. Kai daiktų interneto daiktų „sukurti“ duomenys turi būti interpretuojami, kad taptų informacija ir žiniomis, nebepakanka paprasto objektų (fizinio pasaulio objektų ar virtualių dalykų) identifikavimo ir žodinio ar nežodinio vardo priskyrimo, neatsižvelgiant į atitinkamas sąvokas. Kai daiktus turi atspindėti skirtingų kalbų žodžiai ar nežodiniai ženklai esant kitoms jutiminio suvokimo formoms, semantika turi remtis sąvokomis. Kaip viena pamatinė idėja ar sąvoka, pasiekiama per atskirą universalųjį adresą ar pastoviąją nuorodą, apibrėžtas mikroturinys apima daugelį įvairių turinio rūšių – galiausiai net joms apibūdinti naudojamus metaduomenis. Kyla klausimas, ar šios įvairios mikroturinio rūšys, įskaitant leksikografinius ir terminologinius duomenis (taip pat ir mokslines nomenklatūras), valdomuosius žodynus (tezaurus ir kitas žinių tvarkybos sistemas), žinių struktūrinimo sistemas (ontologijas, temų žemėlapius ir kt.) ir atitinkamus metaduomenis, gali būti plėtojamos ir valdomos, remiantis viena plačios aprėpties metodologija – terminologijos metodologija. Žinoma, reikia atsižvelgti į skirtingų mikroturinio rūšių skirtingus vaidmenis.
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The 21st century is a century of creative work; a creative economy is being created by a creative society. ‘Creative industries’ is a very broad concept connecting business, communication, technologies, culture and art. This is a new concept and a new term, arising from the widened understanding of creative work which covers not only artistic and scientific activities but also any other activity requiring creative solutions. Representatives of creative industries are seeking economic profit on the basis of creativity. The diversity of the field predetermines the lack of uniformity in its terminology. Terms of creative industries vary. Some terms are also used in other fields and are standardized, included in dictionaries and terminological databases and are rooted in usage. For some concepts appropriate forms of naming haven’t yet been found; frequently quotations (borrowings which aren’t adapted either orthographically or morphologically) and morphologically adapted borrowed words are used instead of terms in unedited texts and internet dictionaries; quite frequently the English equivalent is given in the text next to a Lithuanian term. All this is characteristic to the initial stage of terminology development.
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Cultural misunderstandings often arise because of the unstated assumptions or “background books” that each of us has. In the classroom, such misunderstandings can make for uncomfortable moments, but they can also lead to fruitful teaching experiences for teacher and student alike. Using a variety of examples that arose while teaching a module called “Canadian Culture” at a Slovenian university, I argue that such moments – such as when students seem not to have heard what I think was a clear message or bit of information – the resulting cultural misunderstanding can be educationally rewarding. They force us to break out of the question-and-answer routine that is often a part of the teaching process.
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Natalia Malek undertakes a task of finding a possibility of translation between the languages of prosaic/poetic and visual arts, thus struggling to widen the spectrum of artistic expression. Her actions aim to intensify the form of the poem, which results in her leaning towards daring minimalism. Malek’s poems have gone a long way from life images with an ordered plot to concise linguistic images which strive towards deeper meanings and open up questions about identity and the art of poetry.
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The work concerns the usefulness of terms “style” and “discourse” in research of academic Polish evolution. One notices the significant advantages of complementary interpretation of research on the academic Polish evolution. The analysis of style level ensures description of basic and essential – both: stable and changeable – language features, systemic, but stylistically worked. On the other hand the reference to discourse level enables to describe and interpret the phenomena of academic communication in broader aspects, taking into consideration the socio-cultural contexts, which determine the forming of academic Polish in prototype shape, but also its contemporary dissolving in postmodern communication reality. Furthermore, the discourse context opens the research for extralinguistic conditions, previously neglected in analysis of language dynamics.
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The paper presents the semantic structure of verb borrowing from German going out of use during the New Polish period. Lexical material included 86 semantic units extracted from „Słownik języka polskiego” (dictionary of Polish language) edited by Witold Doroszewski described as: archaic, obsolete, going out of use. The semantic structure shows that significant part of vocabulary was collected in 2 fields: ‹‹Work life›› and ‹‹Social behavior in the community›› occurring to extralinguistic circumstances like changes of work organization and realities of social life.
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This article refers to comparative studies. It highlights the problems associated with using basic verbs of motion in describing a real situation. This includes iść and chodzić in Polish and 가다 [gada] in Korean. The most common types of sentence used (S[trajectory]V and S[purpose]V) have been identified based upon surveys carried out amongst Polish and Korean language students from various universities in June/July 2015. The conclusions indicate that a more systematic approach can be made for the Polish and Korean verbs of motion and this results in an improved methodology for teaching both languages. Attention is also drawn to the temporal deixis (adverbs) in sentences with the Polish verbs iść/chodzić, as well as to the lack of perlative and locative relations in describing trajectory in sentences with the Korean verb 가다 [gada]. Moreover, the most common lexemes used by Polish and Korean respondents are pointed out which show several differences between the two languages.
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The aim of the article is to present the selected digital tools for language analysis which may be applied in the academic didactics during course classes in linguistics. In the first part of the article advanced corpus search engines were discussed, for instance, National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), National Photo-corpus of the Polish Language (NFJP), as well as ChronoPress – Press Texts Portal, Spokes – corpora of conversational speech, and corpus search engine Monco PL. The second part is dedicated to the tools and applications for the individual creation of browsable language resources (Korpusomat, Virtual Laboratory of Transcription), as well as for the complex analysis of the relationships between language units (plWordnet) and the measurement of the degree of the text comprehension (Jasnopis).
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