Co prozrazuje jazyk o ženách
Anna Christou: Žena v českém tradičním obrazu světa (etnolingvistická studie). Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, 2020.
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Anna Christou: Žena v českém tradičním obrazu světa (etnolingvistická studie). Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, 2020.
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The paper examines certain aspects of the methodology of Foreign Language Teaching (FLT), final examinations, scientific research, some publications and international activities, provided by one of the largest and oldest departments of the UNWE. Traditionally perceived in our academic community as providing basically practical training in English, Spanish, Russian, German and French, as well as Bulgarian language for foreigners, our foreign language department has made serious progress in the research field. Furthermore there has been a significant increase in the publications in the area of academic books and scientific research, despite the drastic downsizing of its academic faculty of lecturers. Different periods of FLT have been interpreted and examined. The article is dedicated to the centenarian anniversary of the University of National and World Economy, the biggest higher school of economics and business in South-eastern Europe.
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The research analyses the Balkan Turkish word of Persian origin perde, which through its multilayered semantic structure reflects fragments from different thematic fields. On the basis of data from colloquial and dialectal Balkan discourses, the hypothesis has been put forward and corroborated that the permeation of the lexeme in the recipient languages is a complex cognitive process. The dynamics and variability in the formal-semantic structure of the borrowed sign are investigated, as well as the multidirectional assimilation of the sign in the systems of the recipient languages from the Balkan union.
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The article discusses the ways of expressing verbal diminution in Bulgarian and Modern Greek. From a formal perspective the verbal diminutives are considered in terms of their word-formation features and formation mechanisms (prefixation, suffixation, addition of affixoids, syntactic modifications). At the semantic level, the analysis focuses on the complex meanings they express, despite the blurred boundaries between the quantifying and qualifying aspects of semantics.
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The language spoken by a community of people is a complex system of linguistic signs formed during the historic coexistence. The emergence of a language is a large process and it can’t be determined exactly the beginning, even if the specialists establish always a starting moment. The Romanian language passed during the history through several stages of evolution and maturity. In the last Century, the Romanian language entered in its Modern Age, characterized by stability. However, there are important changes, influenced by the French and Italian languages at the begging of the XX Century and English language at the end of the XX Century. The aim of our paper is to describe and analyse the different stages of the Romanian language in the last 100 years and how it was influenced by the major events that Romania went through.
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The paper explores the semantic shifts in the use of the key notions in the discourse of national ideology – rod [big family] and narod [people]. The focus is on the writings of Toncho Zhechev and Krastyo Kouyoumdzhiev – key figures of the intellectual movement in the 1960s and the 1970s, which could be described as a paradoxical kind of “conservative revolution”. The positive evaluation of rod [big family] and even pleme [tribe] as signifiers of the Bulgarian ethnic community reverses the grand narrative of the Bulgarian Revival – the transition from “sleep” to “awareness” as rhetorical figures, representing the progress from “belated”, uneducated pre-modern times to more developed and enlightened present. The reversal of the connotations of rod and narod undermines the dominant progressivist discourse of the official Marxist ideology and the narrative about the National Revival in particular. The paper tries to shed light on the multi-layered problematization and reversal of the regimes of historicity in the late socialist period.
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The aim of this work is to follow the main characteristics and the evolution of the discourse constituted around the median point (le point médian), a sign recently adopted in French to mark the distinction between feminine and masculine forms. We will examine the context of its emergence and we will try to identify its performative force, in the light of semio-pragmatic theories and discourse analysis. Indeed, more than a writing convention, this small typographical sign is endowed with a strong symbolic dimension and makes, in our eyes, the passage between the movement of feminization and inclusive writing.
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The present paper proposes an analysis of the feminisation process of nouns indicating female functions, activities and occupations at the level of what we called the Christian-Orthodox religious terminology, individualised in the French language. We work on a corpus of written sources, with referential specificity of this type, completed also by oral sources. We will show that the users of the French Orthodox terminology are not resistant to the implementation of the feminisation process, accomplished with the linguistic, especially derivational material that French provides them, and that they do not possess prescriptive linguistic imaginaries in this regard. (Houdebine-Gravaud, 1998: 12). The conclusion concerning the rather hesitant feminisation of this terminology is simply due to as lightly unbalanced distribution of the ecclesiastical roles and functions, far fewer in Orthodoxy in the case of women.
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The present contribution studies the new forms of feminine nouns related to job that are not commonly accepted and express some kind of linguistic and gender emancipation. It is important to question the use of these nouns both in the sense of language appropriation and its consequences. The aim is to demonstrate, in adiachronic point of view, the static and dynamic configurations on these nouns. The dynamic configurations present diverse contextual and individual uses. This analysis on new forms of feminine nouns related to job is inspired from(Lehmann and Berthet: 2014) lexicology reading. This approach considers languages according to the psychologic abilities of speakers and to the lexico-contextual variations. Then the feminization of nouns is a mechanism that participate to the enrichment of the language and to the valorization of the female gender. It is a revendication medium which aims to promote gender equity in any social domains, notably in the professional sector. As we noted, some feminized nouns are not commonly accepted, and the feminization phenomenon is yet to be a personal affair, in the sense that it is trivial. This makes it very complex because the feminization of nouns related to job depends on exogenic and endogenic factors. Then it becomes important to harmonize the used of these nouns in a specialized dictionary, considering that they valorized woman’s identity.
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The authors of the present article aim at research which is less bound to the development of social traditions according to the place of the woman in society, instead one targets to highlight the creativity of writers as well as the play upon the masculine/feminine forms, whose rules often have an occasional character. The afore mentioned fact allows us to emphasize on one of the possibilities of creating a personal writing style of the author by dexterously using different connotations resorting from this creative process.
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For several years, a large number of women writers from various backgrounds have shown in their texts a certain linguistic autonomy, imminent proof of an attempt to overcome the limits or barriers that have been imposed to them. They therefore sought to detach themselves from the shackles or anxieties that engulfed them in a kind of silence in which they struggled to free themselves. From there, emerges an unpackaged writing, along with an important thematic variety which is noticed over time. It is in this context that certain novelists, such as Calixthe Beyala and Nina Bourraoui, through their respective creative writings namely Femme nue, femme noire et Tous les hommes désirent naturellement savoir, tackle a relaxed writing, at the center of where, issues such as the liberation of the female voice, alienation, the quest for identity, the recognition of the female gender, bodily freedom, homosexuality, hold attention from a literary point of view, cultural and social.
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The use of verb tenses in French generally relies on the information each of them convey. This information does not only depend on the organization of the French verb-tense system, but also on its usage by the speaking subject. The exploration of some francophone texts has pointed out that the use of these verb tenses has evolved. We observe a drop in the usage of some tenses and moods in favour of some others. This drop in some verb tenses raises the issue of their consideration in novel writing nowadays. As hypothesis, we consider that language evolves inexorably throughout its structures; even through the most resistant ones such as verb tenses. This study explores a Cameroonian novel at the structural level (published in the year 2000) in order to assess the presence of common verb tenses which some are today suffering from obsolescence. The novel is entitled: “Branle-bas en noir et en blanc”. The author, Mongo Beti, appears here in a new light and acts like a witness of a strongly socialized French language and that is in a process of appropriation. In the course of this process, the author seems to distance himself from his former etiquette of classical and(very) refined French language writer, as seen through the analysis of his earliest works (Mission terminée, 1957). Thus, we have the feeling that the textualization of this novel strongly obeys to the authority of influences that gleans the triptych; language/individual/society practically built on the supremacy of the context. We postulate that there is a linguistic literary renewal which evolves along with a macro-context entailing the condition of the French language in the francophonie and the reflexivity of francophone views. Throughout this work, our approach is going to be globally structural when identifying and limiting the data to analyse. When justifying the changes which are only structural at the beginning, throughout the end of the research we are going to evaluate the contribution of cognitivism and constructivism atthe level of the write-up, according to the context and the situation of linguistic appropriation - in order to portray a sectionof the Cameroon socio-culture. This work is likely to contribute in establishing, according to the different arrays chosen, the evolution of the Cameroonian aesthetic literary creation (the novel).
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As the centre of influences in the relationship between man, society, and writing, language in its use in context is subject to many contingencies. Based on some of Mongo Beti’s texts, this reflection targets the functioning of the French language in the Francophonie to demonstrate this. Looking at the centres of influence, it questions the rectangle: Man - Language - Society and Writing. And it defends the hypothesis of an undeniable link that would allow the different centres of influence to coexist.
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This article focuses on laughter as a form of information, communication, and resilience resource in a crisis context. Indeed, the Covid 19 pandemic caused widespread panic across the world and forced states and communities to find resources to deal with its many consequences. In this context, in Senegal, information and communication have been a form of resilience to de-dramatize an extreme anxiety.
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Traditional philosophy draws its foundation from logocentrism. It is therefore intended to be theoretical and is thought of as universal and absolute truth. This approach is deconstructed by Derrida. The latter postulates for a philosophy to come. From then on, deconstruction is seen as an attempt to subvert Western heritage or an effort to problematize, to question metaphysics and reason itself. It is from here that the metaphor displaces the oppositions in which classical philosophy was forged. The metaphor is what comes to destabilize the meaning that philosophy has of its enunciation. Therefore, the metaphor as withdrawal makes the statement say something other than its original meaning. With its intrusion into the philosophical text, the question of truth becomes improbable. As withdrawal, it has no other role than that of manifesting the diversity of meaning. Being is therefore a multiple saying, which cannot be control by any proper or original literality. It proliferates in the plural game which does not reduce the syntax, but rather organizes the gaps. Therefore, metaphor introduces into textuality a dissemination and undecidability of meaning.
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The paper aims at introducing the history of the oldest linguistic journal in Slovakia, Slovenská reč (‘Slovak Language’). The paper gives an overview of organizational, institutional and linguistic metamorphoses of the journal. Founded in 1932, as a reaction to the linguistic situation of that time characterized by the huge influence of the Czech language on Slovak public discourse (mainly in mass media and administration). Later, the focus of Slovenská reč was modified several times with an emphasis on language culture, education and predominantly on the study of the Slovak language from various points of view. The scope of the journal has been broad, including phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicology, lexicography, phraseology, terminology, word-formation, morphemics, stylistics, onomastics, dialectology, etymology, translation studies, linguodidactics, theory of standard language, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pragmalinguistics, as well as the study of the history of the Slovak language and Slovak linguistics. During the entire period, Slovenská reč has been reflecting the development of Slovak linguistics and the life of a Slovak linguistic community, in the form of articles, discussions, book reviews, reports and other genres, thus giving evidence that the history of Slovenská reč has been a fundamental part of the history of Slovak linguistics from 1932 to the present.
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In this paper, we focus on contributions mainly aimed at spelling and orthographic conceptions in Slovak, published from the beginning of the Slovenská reč journal until the present. We predominantly deal with the problems of orthography, which is often inevitably interconnected with other spheres of language. Some topics from the field of Slovak orthography were treated in a complex manner, others, on the contrary, offered partial views on system deviations or dealt only with partial phenomena. Along with a number of specifically-oriented articles, contributors from the field of orthography especially paid attention to the writing of prefixes s- and z-, the usage of graphemes y and i, and the writing of capital letters in namings of a differentiated type. A substantial body of research focuses on papers concerning adopting and adaptation of words and their spelling in Slovak. Many articles were parts of discussions related to the preparation of orthographic conceptions and also the Rules of Slovak Spelling in 1931, 1940, 1953 and 1991.
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The paper deals with the development of linguistic knowledge within the history of literary (standard) Slovak on the basis of texts published in the Slovenská reč journal. It reflects on selected theoretical and methodological aspects and themes that were the subject of investigation in connection with the cultivation of Slovak: (a) in the pre-standard period (analysis of previous linguistic works and linguistic artefacts from various communication spheres, analysis of the language of individual authors and scholars, the relationship of Slovak to other languages, especially to Czech); (b) in the standard period (the analysis of codification and other linguistic works, personalities whose codification and editorial activities influenced the establishment and development of standard Slovak as well as its functioning in practice).
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The article gives an analytical overview of outputs focused on theories of standard language and language culture, published in the Slovenská reč journal. The aim of the paper is to provide an analysis of the development of the theories in the form of a commented summary of relevant theoretical approaches providing fundamental findings with regard to the state of the art in the given period or possible concepts for the development of the theory under study. In this respect, the article is divided in accordance with the time periods of: (a) 1930s and 1940s, (b) from 1950s to 1980s, (c) from 1990s to the present. Within these periods, the author pays special attention to the key contributions, authors’ concepts and current thematic controversies that tended to determine the focus of continuing debates, or were important landmarks in the improvement of the research in the field. The analysis shows that the line of development of theoretical thinking in the field of the Slovak standard language and its culture finds its main supporting points in specific theoretical conceptions of prominent representatives of Slovak linguistics throughout the whole period.
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This work aims to discuss the place of tashbeeh (simile) in bayaan science through its manifestation in classical writings. Bayaan science is one of the sub-branches of balagha science. In general, the science of bayaan deals with figurative speeches and how to deduce the secondary meanings of words. Tasbeeh is one of the expression types of bayaan science. However, there is uncertainty about its placement within bayaan, for tashbeeh is not a type of expression that has a secondary meaning. We will try to figure out the classical scholar's points of view on this issue by utilizing the classical descriptions of tasbeeh and majaaz (metaphor) terms. Information on the distinctive features of the science of bayaan will be our other source of data to be utilized. Our main hypothesis is this: the science of bayaan is based on the distinction between metaphor and the literal meaning, and its main subject is statements based on inference.
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