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There are different forms or types of manifestation of crimes of violence in modern society. One of particularly dangerous, serious forms of crimes of violence with international significance, which causes particularly serious consequences, both for the victims and for the safety of the social community as a whole, is human trafficking. These are different, often violent forms or types of exploitation of other persons, especially women or children, which often have a cross-border character. Therefore, the international community became involved in the suppression and prevention of human trafficking, either as a form of classic, general crime, or as a form of organized transactional crime. Through a series of international documents, it lays the foundation for organized, systematic and continuous activity of the competent authorities of individual states. In all criminal legislations in modern countries, including the positive legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, human trafficking is prescribed as a serious criminal offense with several different forms - types of manifestation for which severe punishments and other criminal sanctions are prescribed, which is discussed in this paper.
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Radical changes in the political life of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, caused by the turbulence of the European social being, directly induced the thematic determinations of the avant-garde writers of that time. Literature, with its comprehensiveness, has become the most suitable way to popularize advanced ideas about the democratization of existing social and state structures. With the agreement of the great European powers at the Berlin Congress in 1878, under the force of historical changes, the Ottoman Empire disappeared, and new nations and states were formed on its and other territories. The right to rule in civil affairs went to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and religious matters remained the responsibility of the Sultan in Constantinople. Bosnia became a corpus separatum, due to the complex dualistic union of K .u. K. of the monarchy, managed by its Ministry of Finance. The new government, established by military force, was implemented by a rigid administrative apparatus with the use of the German language. The anomie of society, secularization and coercion, as a global category, during the period of the rigid rule of the K. u. K., led to radical changes in which the poorest category of the population at that time, the peasants, were under attack. The imposition of taxes, punishments, arrests, violent confiscation of land and livestock, the right to life and existence, aroused interest in avantgarde literary circles, which began a literary struggle to improve such a situation and strive for the establishment of democratic equality. The Bosnian-Herzegovinian writer, from the Serbian people, Petar Kočić, directly conveyed his advanced libertarian views on the injustice suffered by his people in the satire ―Jazavac pred sudom‖. The idea message hidden in the procedures: construction of the plot, characterization of the characters and indirect incorporation of humorous parts; they resulted in opposition and an ironic attitude towards the violent behavior of the authorities. The aim of this work is to confirm, by means of research, analysis and proof, how much satire as a genre category is conducive to artistic expression directly related to critical views on political violence. Our intention is to explain the attitude of the writer, who in his ultimate constancy puts forth the idea of the reaction of a resigned man placed on the edge of exist.
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The problem of a healthcare workforce shortage is present on a global scale, as evidenced by the World Health Organization's estimate that by 2035, there will be a global deficit of 12.9 million healthcare workers (Campbell et al., 2013). Previous research indicates that the emigration of highly qualified professionals is relatively under-researched within the Croatian scientific community. Some studies have focused on surveys among student populations and their inclinations towards emigration as a form of potential emigration (Golub, 2003; Šverko, 2005; Mlikota and Prelas Kovačević, 2013; Bojanić, Bojanić and Likić, 2015; Mrkonjić et al., 2019; Troskot, Prsaklo and Šimić Banović, 2019; Šlibar, Oreški and Klačmer Čalopa, 2023). According to existing research, the most common reasons contributing to the inclination to-wards migration among healthcare workers in Croatia include issues in the organisation of the healthcare system and working conditions, low financial compensation, issues in the education and specialisation process, nepotism and political favouritism in the healthcare system, as well as the general political climate in society.This study is part of the first author's research for her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Key Factors in the Emigration of Healthcare Workers from the Republic of Croatia.” The general aim of this research was to map the relevant reasons for the emigration of healthcare workers from Croatia from their perspective and based on their statements, and to identify the key reasons for emigration, i.e., those that prevail in the decision-making process regarding emigration. The research questions were defined as follows: What are all the factors that influenced the decision of emigrated physicians to leave Croatia? Which of these factors are more important than others, i.e., prevail in decision-making? How can we explain the differences in the importance of these factors?The research was conducted using qualitative methodology as the optimal framework considering the research topic. The study included 45 healthcare workers, both emigrated and non-emigrated. We interviewed members of the two largest groups of healthcare workers, nurses/medical technicians and physicians, but in this paper, we present preliminary results obtained from one of the researched subsamples: emigrated physicians. Some of the results presented here were obtained from research on a sample from the population of physicians who emigrated from Croatia, constituting a subsample of the total sample of emigrated healthcare workers, with a total of 18 interviews conducted (13 women, and 5 men). The research was initiated in September 2021 and completed in February 2023, with all interviews conducted online due to the pandemic context. Regarding the method of data analysis and processing, we opted for a thematic analysis approach, specifically a variant of thematic analysis developed by King (2004), called pattern analysis. We argue that this approach is particularly suitable for studies aimed at comparing different perspectives of actors in a phenomenon within a specific context.Through the process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis and in accordance with the initial theoretical-conceptual framework of this research, we established three main themes that describe and encompass important groups of reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia:1. Professional aspirations of physicians. This type of motivation represents a key or significant reason for the decision to emigrate, or it is indirectly related to that decision. It may involve a desire for training that is not offered in Croatia at all, or if it is, the quality of education is perceived as inadequate, i.e., some physicians strive for higher-quality education. Physicians who want to educate themselves and/or specialise in narrowly specialised areas can only acquire their knowledge in countries with larger healthcare systems. Furthermore, reasons related to the possibility of obtaining the desired specialisation are mentioned, as well as the perception of fairness in the competition process, i.e., the perception of corruption and nepotism in these processes.2. Organisational context of the Croatian healthcare system. This theme is crucial when discussing the reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia. Emigrated physicians uniformly express a high degree of dissatisfaction with various aspects of working in the Croatian public healthcare system, and in the vast majority of cases, they cite this as the key reason for deciding to emigrate. These aspects include interpersonal relationships (along with the theme of mobbing), overtime work and excessive workloads, high levels of politicisation of the profession (including the themes of corruption and nepotism in the healthcare system), and management of the healthcare system (at both higher and lower levels) along with the related theme of the system’s structure and organisation.3. General/broader social context. The theme of quality of life did not emerge as one of the decisive reasons for emigration, but the theme of the broader social context, i.e., the perception of the general socio-political atmosphere in Croatia, appeared important for some physicians, and for a smaller number, as one of the decisive reasons for emigration. We believe this broader context is associated by interlocutors with the context of working in the healthcare system. The politicisation of the profession/ system and the phenomenon of corruption and nepotism in the system are recognised as part of the broader socio-political context in which corruption and nepotism are important features of the general socio-political climate.We contend that, for a small portion of interviewed physicians, the inability to realise their professional aspirations in Croatia is an important push factor for emigration. However, we believe that our research provides grounds to conclude that this concerns a very small number of physicians, and that the phenomenon of emigration would not represent any burden to the healthcare system if other important push factors were not present. The organisational context of the public healthcare system, i.e., various aspects of the experience of working in that system, takes precedence in our analysis in terms of key push factors for emigration. In this group of reasons, there is no simple answer, as the aspects of this issue are multiple and intertwined. A large portion of emigrated physicians speak of poor interpersonal relationships as one of the most important reasons for emigration. This theme is often associated in their statements with the theme of excessive politicisation of the profession, forming opposing groups (“us/our” and “them/theirs”), which directly harms cooperation.In the context of the theme of interpersonal relationships, we notice that there are two types of mobbing, individual cases of abuse of power, and systemic mobbing, where the system accepts and legitimises it to some extent since there are no sanctions for instances of abuse. We recognise the second type mostly in relation to younger physicians, especially specialists, in the undermining of work standards and norms manifested in the frequency of overtime work, overloading with work tasks, and problems in interpersonal relationships and in managing work organisation. We also observed a specific type of systemic mobbing characterised by gender-discriminatory abusive behaviour and the use of positions of power within the system for inappropriate and disturbing practices by superiors towards staff. The overall picture we describe points to an organisational climate that tolerates, or even encourages, but most importantly conceals problems in its functioning. These issues are addressed inadequately or not at all, and there are no adequate mechanisms for sanctioning (or they exist but are not applied, and when they are, they often have little real effect for the victim).Other possible factors contributing to emigration were mentioned, such as individual and family reasons that facilitate decision-making about migration and most often increase the likelihood of emigration. In addition, factors include active recruitment by foreign agencies, changes in regulatory frameworks that facilitate mobility, recognition and evaluation of qualifications, perception of favourable conditions for immigration and integration at the destination, better opportunities for the education of children, desire for change and openness to new experiences, among others.The limitations of this research relate to the predominant focus on the physicians’ reminiscences of reasons for emigration, which may sometimes be post-hoc rationalisations of their decisions. Another limitation concerns the method of conducting interviews, which, although initially planned to be face-to-face, were ultimately conducted remotely and virtually due to the circumstances of the global COVID-19 pandemic. From the presented results, we can conclude that the emigration of physicians from Croatia is shaped by numerous interconnected factors. Without investment in education and training, and the retention of the medical workforce, there is a risk of potential degradation in treatment standards due to a shortage of necessary professionals. Therefore, research on the emigration of physicians is relevant for various national stakeholders involved in the creation and implementation of public policies, especially healthcare, migration, and educational policies related to healthcare worker education and specialisation, among others.
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Review of: Sanja Klempić Bogadi, Snježana Gregurović, Dubravka Mlinarić (eds), Migracije na rubu Europe: trendovi, politike i izazovi, Zagreb: Institut za istraživanje migracija, 2024, 219 str.
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Review of: Vinko Tadić, Dijalog u šumskoj dvorani. Tragovima paroha požeških, Požega – Zagreb: Biro-tisak d. o. o., Institut za migracije i narodnosti, Povijesno društvo Požega, 2024, 139 str.
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Firearms have accompanied humans for many centuries, and over their development, loading systems for bullets and cartridges, the chemical composition of propellant charges, and the types, models, and designs of weapons and ammunition have evolved. A groundbreaking moment was the unification of the bullet with the casing, which allowed part of the gunpowder gases to be vented through a side port in the barrel. This invention led to the development of machine guns.Firearms have been and continue to be used for various purposes, such as personal protection, protection of people and property, hunting, sports, historical reenactments, collecting, commemorative purposes, and training (alarm signaling) by authorized individuals, as well as by institutions to which these regulations do not apply (Article 10, Section 1 of the Firearms and Ammunition Act of May 21, 1999).With the advent of firearms, crimes involving their use were also recorded. In such cases, firearms, ballistics, and ammunition examinations became essential to identify the perpetrators. These examinations later became part of forensic science. In cases of unlawful use of firearms and ammunition, various tragic incidents occur, necessitating site inspections and the establishment of further investigation plans.Crimes involving firearms require the expert opinion of a forensic specialist who identifies the weapon, ammunition, and their components, as well as traces of their use. The specialist checks whether the firearm poses a threat to the safety of individuals involved in the incident scene and investigation. Fingerprint traces are collected from the weapon and ammunition to prevent their loss. The firearm’s operation, technical condition, and key parts are preliminarily assessed to determine if they were factory-made or show signs of homemade modifications.A firearm expert’s examination is conducted in response to questions directed to the firearms, ballistics, and ammunition expert by the judicial authority. Both individual and group identification of firearms are carried out. Microscopic examinations of traces left by the weapon on the casing, bullet, or hands of potential perpetrators are performed. The resulting expert report is sent to the commissioning authority and admitted as evidence in the ongoing case. In Poland, forensic examinations of firearms and ammunition were conducted following the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz in December 1922. The more famous attacks using firearms included the fatal wounding of President J.F. Kenedi or the recent shooting of the Prime Minister of Slovakia.
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Political transformations of Poland since 1990 resulted in the economic crisis of the Walbrzych agglomeration, which previous economic profile, was based on black coal mining – and the considerable loss of population number. In 1994 the depopulation was initiated and actually is caused both by negative values of birth rate and migration balance. Young people mainly emigrate from the analysed area, therefore, the percentage of older people in the age structure of population is increasing deepening the demographic ageing process.
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This article aims to describe and analyse the process of spatial conflict and social participation in the context of the planned construction of the cross-city route running through Pasieka Island in Opole. By applying the case study method, an attempt was made to find the answers to the following questions: were the so-called good practices postulated by non-governmental organisations applied and what role was played by an urban movement?
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The aim of the research is to present and explain the definitional and thematic scope of social problems and geographical patterns and to indicate the adequacy of human concepts belonging to specific explanatory patterns. The thematic scope of issues considered by geographers and included in social problems is subject to modification, while research interest groups are subject to significant changes too. Human concepts, regardless of the time of formulation, are subject to academic analysis in particular geographical patterns. Over time, individual patterns are distinguished by their co-occurrence. The variety of explanatory patterns taken into account in the study of social problems poses many difficulties related to the multitude and variety of definitions used, as well as the attributes associated with them. Empirical work never has all the features of a given pattern. Theoretical foundations can be adapted to various specific cases carried out through empirical research, and can also serve social and economic policy, including resolving contemporary demographic challenges.
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Chinese history and cultural traditions play a very important role in contemporary trade negotiations. The aim of this article is to present the cultural determinants of Chinese business etiquette and the most important elements of cultural heritage in Chinese business etiquette during trade negotiations. Assuming that negotiations consist of three main phases – exchanging information, bargaining, and closing - particular attention is paid in this paper to establishing cooperation (language, hierarchy), visits and delegations (greeting, proper negotiations, taboo topics), and other elements of business etiquette such as banquets and lunches, and gift-giving practices. The following thesis is formulated in this paper: in negotiations with Chinese people more important than immediate profit is the process of building a long-term relationship based on taking into account the business etiquette resulting from the heritage of Chinese culture.
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Specialized medical knowledge began to develop on the Indian subcontinent in ancient times. It is associated with information, skills, and practices based on theories, beliefs, and experiences of different generations. Traditional medicine in India is not a uniform system but is divided into several subsystems, i.e. Ayurveda, Siddha (Tamil medicine), Unani (Persian- Arabic medicine), and Sowa-Rigpa (Tibetan medicine). A wide range of natural healing methods is used, including herbal medicine, cleansing of toxins, and diet. This cultural heritage of medical thought requires the adoption of adequate legal protection nowadays. In the second half of the twentieth century India initiated efforts to introduce legal regulations concerning the use of natural medicine. Institutionalization of this issue was carried out by establishing the Central Council of Indian Medicine in the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Medicine, and Homeopathy (AYUSH). The government supports scientific research and undertakes educational initiatives in the field of traditional Indian medicine. The aim of this article is to reconstruct the model of regulation of natural medicine in India as part of its cultural heritage, in the context of the development of modern technologies.
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The field commonly known as Romani Studies has been monopolized for decades almost entirely by non-Romani researchers and, consequently, has been written from an outsider’s perspective, from the standpoint of the majority culture. However, there is currently a significant increase in the number of Romani academics who critically assess the body of research on the Roma and simultaneously lay the foundations of so-called Critical Romani Studies. This situation inevitably leads to questioning the relationship between the researcher and the researched and negotiating the position of the Romani scholar writing from a minority perspective.In this article, I discuss the potential of positionality theory and its added value for the development of Romani Studies. Referring to the scholarly achievements of representatives of other minorities or peripheral communities (or as Gayatri Spivak calls them – subalterns), I will present the challenges and opportunities faced by minority researchers in negotiating the multiple roles arising from their status as „outsiders within” (Collins 1986) and how they can be applied in Romani Studies. I conclude that the synthesis of life experience, academic education, and adherence to high standards in the research process, which many Romani scholars possess, constitutes an added value for the development of Romani Studies, enriching it with the necessary diversity of perspectives and voices.
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The article deals with two interrelated topics, these are: the (under)representation of Roma in research on the history and contemporaneity of Polish cities and the positionality of the ‘external’ Researcher among the Roma communities. Its general thesis also stands as a case for a Roma history of Warsaw. The latter is perceived not only as history and contemporaneity of the Roma in the capital city, but also as a look at the history of Warsaw and at the recently observed social processes through the prism of Roma history and contemporaneity. The article is based on field research among Roma communities in Warsaw (Ursus and Praga Południe districts). It addresses the following topics: post-war settlement in the capital city of Poland, work in industry with the use of traditional craft skills (boilermaking) and outmigration. The whole work is of an ‘exploratory’ nature: it identifies research issues and sets out a trajectory for further research.
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The article focuses on a lesser-known aspect of the history of Polish migration to Sweden, considering the consequences of the 1981 pogrom in Oświęcim, which resulted in the eviction of a group of Polish Roma from Poland and their simultaneous deprivation of {Polish citizenship. This littleknown migration episode, analysed using documents gathered in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MSZ), forms the basis for the analysis and discussion of the processes of racializing so-called “undesirable persons.” The author places these considerations in the context of centurieslong actions by states and their violence against Roma communities. Additionally, the article References literature on the problematization of Roma migration in Europe. The text expands knowledge about institutional practices towards Polish Roma, considering them as a systemically marginalized community against which the state tested various tools of oppression, stigmatization, and exclusion from the community of citizens.
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The article refers to a series of projects on Roma professions carried out for both research and activist purposes by the Krakow-based Dobra Wola Foundation. The author describes her way to take up the Roma topic and the problems involved, referring to the method of autoethnography and engaged anthropology. Three aspects are very important in such research: the ability to go beyond the hierarchy of power in the researcher-respondent relationship, the maintenance of appropriate ethical standards and the awareness of social responsibility when adopting an activist perspective. To what extent was this achieved during the activities carried out by the project team? What were their strengths and what went wrong and where were mistakes made? How do the research team organise and carry out the activities to avoid subjecting the people being researched? There are no simple answers to these and similar questions, but they are worth looking at in order to stimulate reflection by both male and female researchers and activists working in the Roma community, as well as other ethnic or minority groups in Poland.
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The author is an experienced researcher of the Roma community, which has been – among the others – the field of his study for over the last half a century. Speaking from this position, he attempts to respond to the process of decolonization of Romological research, practiced in recent years. Having noticed a number of typically colonizing elements in his own research practice, he raises questions about both the ethical and substantive assessments of this activity. He also points to the – unconscious (?) – continuation of colonization practices carried out by contemporary critics of the research, applied to Romani studies by the former colonizers.
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Review of: Resilience Academic Team / Humanistyka prewencyjna (2022), red. Ewa Domańska, Piotr Słodkowski, Monika Stobiecka, Warszawa-Poznań: Wyd. Muzeum Sztuki Nowoczesnej w Warszawie, Poznańskie Centrum Dziedzictwa, ss. 232.
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Television programmes with a reality show format primarily provide viewers with entertainment based on dynamic plot developments and the opportunity to watch how celebrities or media novices deal with reality and the difficult tasks set by the programme’s scriptwriters. Each production of this type carries a number of different values and patterns, including attitudes towards human gender and the relationship between men and women. This article aims to identify and systematise what patterns and models of male-female relationships appear in the four Polish most popular reality shows based on the competition convention. Four formats, whose main goal is for male-female couples to win, preceded by a game and competition between all participants, were selected for the study: “Hotel Paradise”, “Love Island”, “Sanatorium of Love” and “Ex on the Beach”. These productions share similar gameplay rules, while they differ in the participants’ age, social status, and broadcaster’s profile. The research methodology is based on the analysis of social representations, with a special focus on gender stereotypes and determining their current categories. Based on a random sample of episodes from these four programmes, the research assumptions concerning the reproduction of cultural stereotypes of biological sex in Polish reality shows were verified.
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