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After U. Kraft’s publication (2012), it is impossible to solve the problem of the origins of the stirrups without taking into account the linguistic material, which not only sheds light on the areas uncovered by material sources (for example, the supposed spreading of the strap loops aspandak/στρόφος from Iran to the west of Europe), but also allows more detailed consideration of the process and mechanisms of the spread of stirrup-like devices and the stirrups themselves. Sometimes we can relate the archaeological types and variants to the corresponding concepts of ancient societies reflected in the preserved lexics: e. g., the early nomadic stirrups are in correspondance to the image of the ring-shaped object dörüge. Especially interesting are the cases of discontinuity in the spread of innovation, expressed in the interruption of the genetic line, either in the sphere of the language only (B2: the East-Roman “scala” -> the early Lombard stirrup “staffa”; C1: Chinese footstep “deng” -> Xianbei stirrup “dörüge”), or in the sphere of both language and material culture (C2: the Ogur stirrup “*jüŋeŋgü” -> the East-Roman stirrup “scala”).
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Patriotism arises during the historical development of nations as a natural outcome from the benefits which the motherland provides to personality and nation.
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The present study displays the concrete influence and the immense contribution of Kuzman Shapkarev for the school deed and for the cultural development of Macedonia as a whole in a dynamic period of the history of the complete Bulgarian nation.
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The Slavic Macedonian nationalism changed in the XX century. At the beginning of the century the Slavic activists in Macedonia felt a strong affection to „Macedonia" as a multiethnic motherland.
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On May 26, 1930, the Literary Department of the Romanian Academy decided the foundation of The Folklore Archives of the Romanian Academy, in addition to the Museum of the Romanian Language in Cluj. Ion Muşlea, the director of the Archives, aimed at a research at two levels. At a first level, the purpose was collecting folklore by stipendiary, in the regions which had recently become part of Romania, and also in the regions inhabited by Romanians outside the country’s borders. At a second level, a network of correspondents was aimed at (the rural intellectuals: teachers, both men and women, priests, pupils at normal schools). For use by the network of permanent collaborators of the institution which he directed, Muşlea developed a series of working instruments, such as: fourteen questionnaires on specific issues, six circulars, as well as guidance booklets (Apel către intelectualii satelor – An Appeal to the Intellectuals of the Villages, Culegeţi folklor! – Collect Folklore!) The present article aims at recovering not only an entire methodological, theoretical and ideological context, but also the “voices” of those semi-professionals of folklore, rural intellectuals from Moldavia and Bukovina, who collaborated with Ion Muşlea to the indirect survey from 1930-1949.
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The article deals with the subject of knowledge about Serbia and the Serbs in Poland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This knowledge was reconstructed on the basis of travel reports, memoirs, notes published both in the press and the books. The collected materials allow us to observe the slow evolution of the representations of the Serbs. The first reports and news can be counted as exotic presentations in the orientalizing mode of the Balkans, but over time new motifs were emerging, highlighting certain similarities between the Poles and the Serbs, such as history, slavic origin, and peculiar combative features of character. The aim of this article is to present to contemporary audience the unknown images and perceptions of the Serbs in the Polish press.
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On 3 May 1990 Prof. Petar Shapkarov was elected President of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. The academic and organizational foundations of the Institute were laid in these first years of the restoration.
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This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piasts times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlement in Poland. At the same time, the grave field registered by Stanisław Madajski supplements our knowledge of the advancement of Christianity in the 11th century in Poland. The knowledge of the necropolis, especially general access to the results of the excavations in Morawy, were unsatisfactory. Therefore, an attempt was made to re-discuss the results of the excavations from 1937, verified in the field in 2015. As part of the new research, the formerly excavated material was verified, topped with archive search queries aimed at recognising open settlement in the village of Morawy and the grave field itself.
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