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Х юбилейна олимпиада по история и цивилизация – Сливен, 21 – 23 април 2017 г.
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Sydney Waterlow (1878-1944), Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain in Bulgaria (1929-1933) can be defined as one of the most active in the diplomatic activities of the Foreign Office in resolving the Macedonian issue in between the two world wars.
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In the course of several decades - from the establishing of Vardar Macedonia as a federative unit within the borders of Tito's Jugoslavia in the 40s of the XX с to present days - the personality and the activity of the voivode from the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization Yane Sandansky have been the object of historical falsifications and open political speculations concerning his nationality.
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In the early centuries the number of publications on Bulgaria in Poland was very modest, but since the second half of the 19th century the interest towards this country has been continually growing. An eminent Polish journalist was Jan Bjegojewski, who sent articles from Constantinople and published them first in Lvov newspapers, and then compiled them into books.
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In this text the term Palaeobalkan-Westanatolian community is proposed to replace the other terms used: Thracian-Phrygian ethno-cultural community, the Pelasgo-Thracian circumaegean community, Mycenaean Thrace, Circumpontic macro-zone and others. Adopting the existence of the Palaeobalkan-Westanatolian community makes it possible to avoid long introductions explaining why parallels between the Balkans and Western Anatolia are made. The scholars can compare political models, functions of the kings, religious doctrines, and interpretations of archaeological complexes, especially cult objects. Besides, information from the Greek literary tradition could be referred to surrounding, non-literary societies with a great deal of confidence. Using the spiral retrospection method, information about later historical periods could also be referred to earlier periods.
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It is a difficult task to find the balance in compiling different historical, cultural, religious, economic, political and even geographical components of a possible indicator to find the boundaries of a greater region. Many ideas exist about East Asia as a landscape or a region, and perhaps the most well-known is the historical concept of the Sinosphere. Th is mental formation is broadly built on historically developed cultural elements and the dominance of China. An additional characteristic is the presumed existence of, and the one-way functioning of, the interrelatedness between historical states as individual players. In this essay we do not try to define a precise macro region, but make remarks on some important details of these cultural and historical elements, the concepts on which the region is built. Th e cognitive superstructure begins to fall apart if these details are examined closely. We focus on the historical concept of a politically organised interdependency and vulnerability, and emphasise its ideological origins in China. Agro-economic features and the development of common rice cultivation – despite huge geographical disparities – are also discussed. Language, religious diff erences (e.g. the role of Confucianism and Shinto) as well as economic networks, their historical and current relevance (e.g. the Bamboo network or the Japanese Zaibatsu) and other social factors are also the subjects of our analysis.
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Da bi prišel do sintetične študije o odporniških gibanjih v Evropi, da bi ugotovil skupne in specifične elemente vsakega od njih, sem vzel za izhodišče v tem referatu nekoliko hipotez. Z zbiranjem in preučevanjem zgodovinskega gradiva se bo pokazalo, ali hipoteze, ki jih spodaj navajam, držijo ali ne. [...]
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The article seeks to comparatively analyse the functions implemented in the Late Middle Ages by quarters in the main towns or cities of Prussia, including Rechtstadt Danzig (Main City of Gdańsk), Altstadt Königsberg (Old Town of Königsberg [today Kaliningrad]), Braunsberg (Braniewo), Altstadt Thorn (Toruń), and Kulm (Chełmno). Special attention is placed on answering the question of how the quarters participated in the municipal authority structures and the relationships between town councils and the commons. Quarters in Prussian towns developed since the fifteenth century, somewhat later than in East Central European towns. Establishment of these units was based on several premises: organisation of fiscal accountancy, fire safety concerns, military purposes, and town councils’ strivings to reinforce control over the dwellers. Influenced by the city revolts at the beginning of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth century, town councils took efforts to create a system of mobilisation and communication with the inhabitants that would work without the intermediation of guilds (as in Elbing [Elbląg], Danzig, and Thorn). Subordination of the older quarters to the municipal authorities caused, moreover, that in the face of internal or external threat, the community appeared as a community ruled by town councillors.
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The present article is a further contribution to the debate on the famous late medieval and early Renaissance narrative of the legendary origins of the Poles. The paper focuses on the legendary castle of ‘Psary’ — the ‘ancestral home’ of Prince Lech, that is on the geographical information given by chroniclers Jan Długosz and Maciej of Miechów in their writings. The author dismisses the identification of ‘Psary’ with Krapina or Pharos (Starigrad on the island of Hvar), arguing that ‘Psary’ was the medieval Minor Pset most likely located on top of Pušačko Hill (Pušačko brdo) in the vicinity of the late medieval castle Krupa (present-day Bosanska Krupa in Bosnia and Herzegovina).
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The Berlin Congress in 1878 ended the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but above all the revision of the San Stefano peace treaty in order to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Balkans. Austria - Hungary has been given the mandate to occupy and manage Bosnia and Herzegovina. The planned peaceful occupation was oppressed by the people, and the Austro-Hungarian army was given fierce resistance. Nevertheless, Bosnia is occupied with a large number of forces, but also civilian casualties. Official reports state that Austro-Hungary fulfilled the conditions that it bargained in Berlin, but the reality after the occupation was different from that which was found on the paper. The new administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina has made deep and radical changes in the socio - political system, but above all in the lives of ordinary people. The transition of a society that was going on very slowly and complicated had far-reaching consequences, especially on demographic trends in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Demographic changes after 1878 were the result of several factors, primarily the establishment of a new government, a new legal order, a cultural and social transition, and the reorganization of religious life. The centuries-old and, to the greatest extent, the privileged position of Bosnia in the Ottoman Empire was changed to the province of the dual monarchy with the supreme military administrator. The nation was not given the right to participate in the governance of its own country. Every change was pronounced and most often at the expense of the domicile majority Bosniak population. The fact that this period, as in the past, today has a great interest in studying from different points of view, I would like to give a brief review of the demographic changes that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina after its occupation.
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The paper provides a brief overview of the significance and role of religious intelligence of Bosniaks in the field of affirmation of written texts in the Austro-Hungarian period. An overview of this kind of activity of Bosniak religious intelligence in the Austro-Hungarian period offers us a clearer picture of one important dimension in the process of development of the Bosniak people and challenges of adaptation to the new circumstances in a very turbulent transition period. The "heralds" of the new era, when speaking of the written words of Bosniaks at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, played a significant enlightening role that the previous historical science did not emphasize sufficiently.
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Muslims began to arrive in the area of Sisak and Kordun in a larger number only in the sixties of the twentieth century. Most of them came to Sisak from the West Bosnian municipalities of Bosanski Novi, Bosanska Krupa, Cazin, Velika Kladusa, Prijedor, Bosanska Dubica, while they came to Kordun mainly from the areas of Velika Kladusa and Cazin. Displacement into an urban center like Sisak in a labor camp in Capraga was a completely different character since settling in the rural zone between the Black Stream and Katinovec in the north and the Masina in the south (more than 50 kilometers distance). Sisak-based workers from western Bosnia came to Sisak for employment, while the Greater Cold and Cazin Muslims settled in Kordun mainly due to overpopulation in the zones in which they lived. The life rhythms of each other differed greatly. Metallurgical workers had permanent incomes, lived in specially built buildings mixed with other workers to those who had other religions and nationalities. The standard of living for all the workers in Caprago was much more equal, and despite religious and national differences, immigrant children entered national and religious mixed marriages. In contrast, the Cordon Muslims lived in very closed communities that remained religious and nationally homogeneous. This group, scattered in ten villages and hamlets at a distance and several kilometers from each other, lived mainly from agriculture and livestock, and individuals worked in Slovenia, Austria and Germany while their families lived in Kordun villages. Most of the Muslims who worked abroad were able to earn enough money to build houses not far from their home villages in a given period and thus maintain ties with friends and relatives and have the opportunity to create their own economy. Being engaged in farming and livestock farming, these Muslims lived, according to their own perception, in a fertile land from the land in the Cazin region. There is another big difference between Sisacki and Kordun Muslims. For the last war (1991-1995), the Kordun Muslims experienced an exodus, most often in their native places in western Bosnia, and they mobilized into various armies (from the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the 'grandmother' to the army of the Republic of Srpska Krajina and the Croatian Army ). Some of them, due to circumstances in which they found themselves during the war in several armies, and those who escaped or were expelled in 1991 captured the stolen, destroyed and burnt property when they returned after Operation Storm in 1995. By contrast, the Muslims of Sisak and its surroundings were very often Croatian volunteers and participated in the defense of their places of residence (eg Mošćenica) and other settlements in Banija and Croatia. Due to their religious and national affiliation, some of them had problems in the Croatian Army, and many did not exercise their rights as Croatian defender in the post-war period. After the war, the Kordun community increased by influx of new Muslims and high natural increase, while the Sisak community largely stagnated stagnated, and has recently been somewhat reduced due to the complete collapse of Sisak Ironworks, or the departure of younger persons abroad to work.
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Aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina marked the last decade of the 20th century. Aggression was carried out by Serbia and Montenegro in order to realize the project of creating a "Greater Serbia". Since the preparation of the aggression was in progress, the agreement was reached between the Serbian and Croatian leaders on the division of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the goal, as they said, the definitive solution of the Serbo-Croatian issue, and in the essence of rounding up "their big states" to the account of Bosnia and Herzegovina it is to aggression both from the east and from the west. Aggression was also supported by traitors from Bosnia as well. Aggression resulted in the occupation of a large part of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the goal was fully realized, the Bosniak population was eliminated. A part of the population was killed, a part was imprisoned in the camps, and a part expelled. The expulsion meant saving only the bare life and leaving the entire property to the aggressor. All the property was looted, and after that, the aggressor tried to destroy everything that could testify that the Bosniaks lived there (from cemeteries to religious buildings). So it was about ethnic cleansing carried out by doing all kinds of crimes, including genocide. In the expulsion operation or to use the euphemism of displacement (that is, the "human migration of the population", as the aggressor called it), the International community was implicated through some of its organizations (Red Cross, UNHCR, etc.). The expelled population in the first phase ended in territory controlled by the forces of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH), and after that part was moved to the so-called " third country”. In very rare cases, the prisoners detained in the camps, if they declared that they would go to third countries immediately, were moved from the camp in accelerated procedure. The idea was that the Bosniak population had to leave Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this way, more than 70% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was "cleared" from Bosniaks. In this paper, we will focus on ethnic cleansing (displacement), methods and directions of displacement, and on statistical indicators of the number of displaced persons.
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The relationship between Bulgaria and Romania in the period of socialism between 1944–1989 was marked by the communist ideology and practice, the bloc division of Europe and the place of the two countries in the Eastern bloc as satellites of the USSR. In the contemporary Bulgarian historiography were examined separate issues of the bilateral political, economic and cultural relations. The occasional publications of individual studies and documents cannot build a comprehensive picture of the nature and diversity of the relations between Bulgaria and Romania in the socialistic era. The lack of a detailed case study on this issue has brought to the need for a systematic and comprehensive study.
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The purpose of the article is a historical and cultural analysis of the dichotomy of the East and the West as antinomy systems with immanent semantic codes. Methodology. The conceptual methodological core of the study is a historical-comparative analysis of the East–West dichotomy. With the help of the hermeneutic interpretation method, the peculiarities of eastern and western civilizations which determine their dichotomy are revealed; the dialogic method is used to determine the mechanisms of interaction of civilizations. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the conceptualization of the phenomenon of East–West dichotomy from the standpoint of the binary opposition I–Other. Based on the historical-comparative analysis of Eastern and Western civilizations, the factors, mechanisms, and results of their interaction at various stages of world history are revealed. A hypothesis was advanced to explain the transition of the world system from globalization to a new form of internationalization – dialogization. Сonclusions. The historical-culturological aspect of the East-West dichotomy is considered from the perspective of the concept I–Other. The factors of the worldview parallelism of Eastern and Western civilizations as antinomian systems with different worldviews, traditions, economic and military-political potential are identified. The semantic transformations of the East-West dichotomy are studied in the context of the entry of one culture into the semiosphere of another culture in a time perspective. The factors of the dialogical turn in international relations in the context of global integration processes at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries are revealed. It is shown that in the XXI century globalization is being replaced by dialogization as a modern form of internationalization of social life based on the communicative principle.
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