We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
János Kádár's visit to Italy in 1977. The author uses Hungarian and Italian archival sources, Hungarian and Italian News papers to present the events of the visit and the opinion of the press about Kádár, Hungary and the relations between the two countries.
More...
The aim of this paper is to present the office of procancellarius of the Transylvanian princely chancellery during the Báthory era on the basis of archival sources. This new office appeared at the end of the year 1575, and first was held by Márton Berzeviczy, previously princely councilor and secretary of the chancellery. Then it was taken over by Ferenc Sulyok, formerly protonotarius, respectively by the cubicularius Miklós Bogáthi. Since this solution was used to coordinate the activity of the chancellery only when the office of chancellor was vacant, the office did not become a permanent one. Usually the duties of procancellarius were similar to those of the chancellor’s. Based on the examined charters and other sources my research revealed that they fulfilled tasks concerning diplomatic correspondence, countersigning documents, verification of princely mandates, opening letters of report, and supervising the libri regii.
More...
Based on the British archival sources the author presents the possibility of a Soviet or a satellite attack against Yugoslavia.
More...
The issues concerning the informal methods of Byzantine diplomacy have generally been interpreted in the vein of the fairly pejorative terms of "Byzantine tricks" (and "Byzantine ways"), and all seems to come down – much in tune with Procopius’ Secret History, or the complaints of the Crusades chroniclers about the "Danayan" perfidy of the "Greeks" – to conspiracies, intrigues, murder, poisoning, subversive machinations...No doubt, in Byzantium, perhaps more than in other, less refined, civilizations treacherous plots and surreptitious intrigues were often employed as a means of solving both domestic crises and foreign policy issues. Byzantine diplomacy, however, relied on an additional ancient tool of mass manipulation, namely, rumours. Rumours were used in the classic version of disseminating disinformation to confuse military tactics and strategy of the enemy. These were also used in the banal version of discrediting opponents. But if one could speak of a typical "Byzantine brand" in the use of rumours, these were the stories circulated around the city concerning official magical acts done against the enemy. The present article addresses two main issues: the nature of the magical artefacts in Constantinople, and three alleged instances of officially performed "white magic" – the beheading of the three-headed statue of Emperor Theophilus, the beheading of a statue of Simeon (a column) in May, 927, and the displacement of the statues of the Roman woman and Magyar woman by order of the Emperor Manuel Comnenus, in 1167. My purpose is to outline to what extent spreading such kind of rumours about magical uses of statues was a political myth, to what extent it was censored news, and how much it could be regarded as a shrewd move of Byzantine diplomacy.
More...
In this paper the two documents are attached of the British diplomacy in the peaceful settlement of the Greek-Bulgarian conflict in autumn 1925. They are from the National Archives of the UK, and are part of the diplomatic correspondence of the Foreign Office. Putting them into circulation would contribute to a clearer picture of the events of autumn 1925 in Petrich and would be of interest both for specialists and a wide range of readers.
More...
The review of: Documents diplomatiques français sur l’histoire du Bassin des Carpathes 1918-1919. Vols. I-II; Series editor Magda Adám, Compiled by Magda Ádám, György Litván, Mária Ormos, Edited by Magda Adám with the assistance of Katalin Litván and István Majoros, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993, 1995. 864, 676 pp.
More...
Wizja Pinińskiego - Ameryka gwarantem przyszłej neutralności Polski - postulat z 1916 roku; W Polsce, czyli gdzieś - Paderewski-House-Wilson: jak odrodzić Rzeczpospolitą; Misja pomocy - dziennik wysłannika Komisji Hoovera: żywność dla Polski (1919); Podziw dla Stanów - miliony obywateli polskich w geście wdzięczności wobec USA (1926)
More...
The study refers to a moment in the institutional life of the interwar city of Cluj. It's about the concert held on April 12, 1934 by Enrico Mainardi organized by the Italian consulate in Cluj. On this occasion it takes place the first participation of the Hungarian community in Cluj in an event organized in the establihments of the Romanian administration. This, thanks to a special political context in which this participation of the Hungarian community expressed the satisfaction with Benito Mussolini's position in the external relations with Hungary.
More...
Economic growth of the developing countries is one of the essential principles of active and peaceful coexistence and of the policy of non-alignment. On the international level it is carried out through cooperation between the developing and developed countries and through cooperation among the developing countries themselves. The latter form of cooperation has gained in significance since the Lusaka Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned countries. This cooperation is based on the principle of self-reliance aimed at making the developing countries economically less dependent on the developed ones and at strengthening and diversifying the former’s own production.
More...
This paper discusses the way in which the Croatian and Vojvodina Communist Party leadership operated within the proclaimed united policy of KPJ (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) in relation to the determination of the Danube border.
More...
Muin Çami, Marenglen Verli:“Shqipëria në Konfërencën e Paqes”, Kristalina-KH, Tiranë 2015,756 f.
More...
In the present article, the Ottoman Turkish and Crimean-Tatar written manuscripts are under studies as sources of the Crimean Khanate History. The authors of the manuscripts used different writing systems, so a text interpretation problem is faced by scholars. The evolution of writing is considered as a source for the objective study of the Crimean Khanate History and its international relations, in particular, those ones with the Ukrainian Cossack State.
More...
The study analyses the elections to the Carpatho-Ukrainian Soim in February 1939, mainly the declaration of elections, the campaign, the minority aspects, and the results of the elections. Avgustyn Voloshyn’s pro-Ukrainian government made the running of the other political forces in the elections impossible by playing the game of scheduling the elections, by banning political parties and by rejection of the opposition’s list of candidates. Out of the 32 candidates on the list of the governing Ukrainian National Union (UNO), there was one representative of the German, Czech and Romanian minorities each. Representation of the Jews, the largest minority, was not even considered by the government, and the leaders of the Hungarian minority not only failed to participate on the list of candidates but they even requested Hungarian voters to reject it. All this was connected with the unfriendly relations of the Carpatho-Ukrainian government and Budapest, resp. the Hungarian minority in Subcarpathia, as well as with Hungary’s efforts to seize the territory of Subcarpathia. The election campaign did not differ from the procedure proven in the totalitarian regimes. According to the official results, 92.4 per cents of the voters approved the election list of the UNO. The minorities, including the Jews, who did not want to be accused from opposing the Carpatho-Ukrainian regime, mostly also supported the check list. Most of the votes against were given by Hungarian voters.
More...
Michał Sokolnicki was a Polish historian and diplomat, Polish Ambassador to Turkey during the period 1936–1945 (since the occupation of Poland – a representative of the Polish government-inexile), and a respected personality in the diplomatic circles. After the conclusion of World War II, he had refused to return to the Communist Poland, choosing instead to lecture at the UA. He passed away in Ankara and is buried at the Cebeci Cemetery. His Ankara Diary provides yet another proof of historically good relationship between Turkey and Poland. Although Ankara had been trying to maintain neutrality from the very onset of the war, it nevertheless supported Ambassador Sokolnicki in fulfilling several important tasks (including the secret shipment of Polish refugees and Polish gold reserves via its territory). Moreover, the Turkish government intervened in Moscow on behalf of Polish internees. These events are all summarized below in an article based on the Ankara Diary. Sometimes details may be important as the whole, for example, one of the footnotes contains information that may seem interesting – namely the record of Minister Saracoglu’s parliamentary speech on December 12, 1923. In this speech, Minister mentions that the chef de protocol „once” asked about the absent Polish deputy, to diplomatically express that Turkey did not recognize the partitions of Poland, when the diplomatic corps was received at the Sultan’s court. This mention should be regarded as the first written record of this story, whose accuracy is questioned by a large number of historians as no record of such a habit from the early nineteenth century has been found.
More...
A century later, Woodrow Wilson would be aghast at the lack of community among nations.
More...
Stanisław Gutowski was a counsellor and diplomat, initially in the service of Russia, then Poland. Before the First World War he was associated with various political communities, but most often he was a delegate of the Poles from “Lithuania and Ruthenia”. During the war, Gutowski went to the United States and France where he actively supported the case of Polish independence. The article presents his unknown memorial written to the political director at the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Pierre de Margerie of 28 May 1918. The document, entitled L’équilibre européen et la Pologne (European balance and Poland) is kept in the Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères Français in Paris. There is no doubt that it is very important from the perspective of the Polish political thought and makes a significant contribution to the knowledge about efforts of the Polish diplomacy to gain the French support. In his document, Gutowski presented both an analysis of the international situation at the end of the war, with special emphasis on the policy of superpowers, and his own suggestions on the place of Poland in the international arena, situation in Russia and predictable future of this state as well as the future of Ukraine and Austro-Hungary. The memorial was analysed in the context of the internal situation of those times and activities of Roman Dmowski and Erazm Piltz in France.
More...
The covert institutionalized Yugoslav-German propaganda-in formation cooperation was established at a time of tightened relations between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Italy. The goal was to give a response to the Italian plans, but also not to provoke the al lied countries, France and Czechoslovakia. The success of cooperation de pended on the development of the relationship between the great powers, the importance of the German factor in suppressing the plans of Italy, the division of competences between Yugoslav state institutions, as well as on the personal ambitions and political views of individuals.
More...