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The formation of the Western Border Strip of the RSFSR/USSR in the context of Soviet spatial and territorial mobilization training is an urgent research problem that will help to understand contemporary processes in Russian border areas. The purpose of the article is to analyze the formation of the structure of the RSFSR/USSR Western Border Strip from 1918 to the 1920s within the land territorial borders from the Barents Sea to the Black Sea. The article for the first time shows the dynamics of changes in the administrative and territorial contours of the macrolevel subjects of the RSFSR/USSR Western Border Strip through the interaction between military and civilian departments to develop decisions related to the mobilization preparation of the border. As a result, two stages of forming the macro-level contours of the RSFSR/USSR Western Border Strip were identified, and their specific features were described. The conclusion was made about the growing dynamics of the contour overlapping for the sectors of threatened zones, military districts and macro-level subjects of the USSR Western Border Strip in connection with the preparation of all-Union evacuation and mobilization plans.
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Risk assessments are performed at multiple scales, from the global level to the community levels. These levels have their own spatial data objectives and requirements for hazard inventories, environmental data, triggers or causal factors and risk elements. The new catastrophic risk management systems include multiple approaches: i.e. vulnerability related approach, indicator-driven approaches, multiple risk approaches and spatial risk visualization. Multi-risk assessment is a complicated procedure that requires spatial data on several different aspects and a multidisciplinary approach. This paper provides an overview of the catastrophic risk management framework and the technical process for settling claims.
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The number of enterprises, respectively their structure by fields of activity, influences the level of the national economy, so it is extremely important to know the "map" of economic agents in terms of evolution and level of competition by areas of activity. The purpose of this paper is to present in a descriptive way the evolution of the number and structure of active enterprises in Romania (by legal form and field of activity), as well as a comparative presentation of the situation of enterprises in Hungary and Poland. In all three countries, the total number of enterprises shows a continuous growth trend, but with significant differences in the growth rate, analyzed by areas of activity.
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The transformation of the commercial court system in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the second half of the 19th century took place in two different legal and political contexts. The first is Tanzimat - during the Ottoman rule, and the second is the reform under Austro-Hungarian occupation. In both of these contexts, there was a break with the previous order and the reception of new and foreign legal models. Despite such a dynamic development of commercial law, the modern legal and legal- historical literature has not dealt with this phenomenon in detail. The organization and work of commercial courts have been exclusively the subject of incidental historical reconstruction in older literature, but also in some new studies with a historical approach and content. However, legal-historical analyzes of specific court proceedings and judgments of commercial courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been completely absent. Given the above-described gaps in the existing literature, this paper seeks to take the first steps in elucidating commercial litigation and the development of commercial law in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the last decade of Ottoman and the first five years of Austro-Hungarian rule.
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The paper is a contribution to the knowledge from the aspect of the history of institutions of the organization and activity of the German protection system of the railway traffic in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), with particular emphasis on the Bosnian railway lines. This paper is for the most part based on studying archival records kept at the Croatian State Archives. Besides analyzed archival funds the paper is also based on published sources, as well as professional literature pertaining to the subject. The main task of the German railway transport institutions and units was the transport safety of the operational units, armaments, military equipment, strategic raw materials, food and other goods required by their wartime and civilian production. The task of securing the railway lines was associated with numerous problems and difficulties that in the end proved insurmountable. The latter mainly concerned attacks on the railway infrastructure carried out by the National Liberation Army (the Partisans), and the Allied airstrikes during the final phase of the war. Of all the German transport institutions that were directly or indirectly authorized for the Bosnian railway lines this paper analyses the following: transport officer at the German general in Zagreb (liaison officer of the head for transport at the German general in Zagreb), Transport Command in Zagreb, No. 7 Railway Command in Zagreb (German representative for traffic in Croatia), No. 22 Feldeisenbahnbetriebsabteilung in Zagreb, the Hengsberger headquarters for specific use in Doboj, the German headquarters for securing railway lines Croatia in Brod na Savi with the secure zones “D” (the Doboj headquarters) and “F” (the Bosanski Novi headquarters). Among operational military units, some German divisions are mentioned, only in the context of the German and Croatian armor trains that were in the area they secured.
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This study investigated the impact of international trade on Nigerian economic growth, empirical evidence on trade cost. The ordinary least square technique was used to analyse data from 1960 to 2021. The study specifically focused on the impact of trade cost on economic growth in Nigeria, by grounding it on the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage. The econometric analyses of augmented dickey-fuller unit root test, error correction model, pair-wise granger causality test, and fully modified ordinary least square test were conducted. The FMOLS results showed that the consumer price index (CPI) and inflation consumer prices (ICP) have a significant negative effect on GDP. Thus, trade cost has adverse impact on Nigeria economic growth on the long run. On the short run, only consumer prices index (CPI) has positive impact on gross domestic product (GDP) while inflation consumer prices (ICP) has negative impact on gross domestic product (GDP), but the relationship is not statistically significant. It is recommended that there is need for the government to strengthen the monetary policy as to maintain price stability.
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According to Dmirty Rassovsky the Cumans never appeared south of the Danube to support the Asenids during the hot time of the year and if it occurs in the course of a campaign they withdrew. Plamen Pavlov relativizes to a certain extent the too deterministic model introduced by Rassovsky, which is still relevant for the relations between the Cumans and the first rulers of the re-established Bulgarian state. Yet, the question whether this model is valid only for the period of few decades in the end of the 12th c. – beginning of the 13th c., or had broader implications remains unsolved. On the basis of various cases of the Medieval Balkan history examined in the present research, it can be concluded that the asymmetric seasonal military activity of the Cuman-Qïpchaqs stretches far beyond the chronological frame of the period of most intensive military cooperation between the nomads and the first Asenids. In fact, this phenomenon can be observed through the entire period of Cuman activities in the Balkans (11th–13th cc.)
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The article reveals issues related to the activities of American humanitarian organizations that actively acted immediately after the First World War with the states of the European continent that were most affected by the hostilities. Despite the fact that Bulgaria was one of the states opposing to the USA during the war, humanistic ideas prevailed in America and the Bulgarian Kingdom was included into the list of countries that received humanitarian support. The American Relief Administration was the most active in Bulgaria, and was commonly known as the ARA and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (Joint, JDC). The article cites facts that have become key in making decisions regarding the deployment of a humanitarian mission, quantitative indicators of assistance are given. The main centres for the distribution of humanitarian supplies are determined by the cities of Sofia and Plovdiv. The article highlights the activities of American humanitarian organizations (AHOs) in the field of assistance to orphanages, targeted assistance to poor citizens of Bulgaria, assistance in the aftermath of natural disasters. The presented scientific work is in fact the first attempt to systematize and generalize materials on the activities of American humanitarian organizations after the First World War in Bulgaria. The author uses documents previously not included in the scientific circulation from Ukrainian, American and Bulgarian archives, as well as materials from the press and information periodicals of the humanitarian organization.
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The article analyses German direct investments in Poland undertaken between 1989 and 2018 with quantitative analysis methods, using long time series data of German Bundesbank investment statistics. It asks about impacts of German FDI on economic development in Poland, providing insights into bilateral cooperation relations. Poland attracts continuously expanding German investments, which distribute over large numbers of regionally dispersed firms. Strongly increasing employment in German owned firms has large importance for the Polish labor market. Through business activities, companies with German FDI contribute considerably to Polish output development. For German FDI stocks in Poland estimation results show empirical evidence for medium impacts on employees numbers and large effects on annual turnovers of firms with German direct participation in 1989-2018. Within this context, adequate framework conditions for investments are decisive for economic growth in Poland.
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Both the amount and structure of tax revenue may change in time as they depend on numerous variables, including factors of the business cycle. However, the stability of tax revenue affects the balance of public finances and the ability to meet public obligations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of tax revenue in Poland’s national budget in 2004-2020. The research results indicate that both the amount and the structure of tax revenue in the national budget in 2004-2020 were stable.
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The Romanian-Soviet cooperation in the military technique began with Romania’s entering the Warsaw Pact (April 1955). That was justified by the need to equip the Romanian army properly. In the first years, the Soviet part granted credits for military technique. Afterwards, new forms of cooperation developed, such as granting licences, assimilation of new military techniques using documentation and Soviet technical assistance, the joint development of new weaponry, especially in aviation. This cooperation registred also setbacks as during the Czechoslovak crisis in August 1968 or due to Romanian difficulties in paying the imported technique.
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Review of: Zlata ŽIVAKOVIĆ-KERŽE - ĐURO BENIĆ / MARIJA BENIĆ PENAVA, EKONOMSKA MISAO U STAROM I SREDNJEM VIJEKU, ZAGREB 2021., 481 STR.
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Review of: Mislav RADOŠEVIĆ - THOMAS FLEISCHMAN: COMMUNIST PIGS: AN ANIMAL HISTORY OF EAST GERMANY‘S RISE AND FALL, WEYERHAEUSER ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS - UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS, 2020., 296 STR.
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The main objective of this paper is to analyze the causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), exports, and economic growth in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2000-2020 and determine the implications of research results on corporate management. The management of the investment enterprise is usually interested in high returns, whereas the management of the recipient enterprise is interested in higher productivity, spillovers, and larger market share on domestic and international markets. Several methodological approaches, including unit root tests, cointegration tests, and Granger causality test, were used to assess the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, on the one side, and the share of FDI and total exports of goods and services in real GDP, on the other side. The results of cointegration tests indicated there is no long-term relationship between the real GDP growth rate, the share of FDI, and the share of exports of goods and services in real GDP. Based on the Granger causality test, it cannot be concluded that there is no causal relationship between the analysed variables. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the conducted research for corporate management. The results indicate that managers are not discouraged by the fact that FDI is not correlated to economic growth, as investment decisions are determined by numerous factors and not primarily by the growth rate of a recipient country.
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Provided that one of the goals of the European Union (EU) is the economic development and possibility of integration by implementing fundamental reforms through an adequate strategic approach, this paper aims to determine the impact of the EU policy and the Instrument for PreAccession Assistance (IPA Fund) on the international business environment with special emphasis on Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Turkey. It is obvious that the EU not only provides assistance to candidate countries but also contributes to the stability, security, and prosperity of beneficiary countries. However, by adopting this approach, the EU imposes certain changes in the instruments of financial support. Namely, by launching the IPA II programme it surpassed IPA I, covering five priority areas as the key segments of development. It has been shown that this support programme is of great importance for the development of the countries covered in this study. Our research also indicates that IPA funding aids in the political and economic reforms of transition countries, preparing them for the rights and duties that come with the Union membership. Secondary data available on the official website of the European Union were used in this study. The hypothesis is confirmed by quantitative data analysis showing a significant impact of the IPA II programme on defined sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Turkey.
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An important role in the economic and social development of Romania, at the beginning of the XXth Century, had the popular village banks, which aimed to improve the situation of the peasants through access to cheap loans, the removal of the usury and the learning of the economy. Together with cultural circles, popular libraries, adult schools and school gardens, all of them represent a component part of S. Haret’s school policy, which aimed at raising the village through extra-curricular activity of teachers. This study presents the beginnings of the cooperative movement in Bacău, insisting on the role of teachers who, like apostles, through useful advices, viable solutions and personal example, have removed the old mentalities and formed a solid economic thinking in rural areas.
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This document presents, first of all some names corresponding to the types of ownership and agricultural undertakings adopted from their sources, in various European countries, as well as those with native origin, such as „elder” a term defining the first owner of the land on which a particular village was settled. Through division by inheritance, the heirs of the „elder” will be the owners of parts stemming from him, as was the case of the Iurașcu Family line. Medieval measurement units for land and their equivalent in the metric system are also presented. At the same times examples are given for the first agricultural associations of new landowners and the transition to agriculture collectivization following 1949, as well as the abolishment of cooperative and state units after 1991, which ended up in the disastrous drop of agricultural prodiction. In the end, we present several examples regarding the recovery of some agricultural undertakings and animal farms through the association of growers or through purchase by a certain owner.
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This paper explores the relationship between investment in fixed assets and export revenues in the period 2006-2015 for 300 largest Croatian exporters. The paper examines whether investments affect differently companies that generate most of their revenues abroad than those that generate revenues in both domestic and foreign markets. Methods of descriptive and inferential statistics showed that the majority of companies come from the manufacturing industry (55 %), deal with wholesale trade (less than 10 % of companies). The most significant increase in fixed assets is visible in agriculture, food production, retail trade, warehousing, production of hardware, production of pharmaceutical products, wood processing, and collection, treatment and disposal of waste, while negative changes were observed in: production of tobacco products and production of paper and paper products. The production of other non-metallic mineral products and water transport have an equally variable and dynamic pattern of investment. The largest increase in export earnings comes from trade activities.
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L'étude est quelque peu, une suite, même si pas l'ordre chronologique, du matériel publié dans "Carpica" 42/2013. Cette fois j'ai choisi les premières cinq ans de l'apparition de „Gazette de Transylvanie". Les sources utilisées par le personnel de rédaction du Brasov étaient des journaux en Moldova, aussi bien que ceux d'allemand ce qui a apparu dans la Transylvanie ou Habsbourg. La rédaction a reçu de nombreuses correspondances de la tache, les auteurs sont restés anonymes. Les informations qui touche à la Principauté de Moldavie satisferait n'importe quelle curiosité des lecteurs, s'il avait été impliqué dans la politique, l'économie, l'église, l'école et même la santé publique. Ceux qui ont voulu apprendre tout ce qui se passait dans le monde de la mode de la Moldavie, ou sur les événements, avec moins d'échos à travers le pays pourraient satisfaire cette curiosité. Au cours de 1838-1842, Gazette de Transylvanie a accueilli plus de 131 nouvelles sur la société du pays à l'est des Carpates. Nous ne pouvons décider laquelle des nouvelles sont les plus intéressants, car ils sont tous apportent la lumière sur la Moldavie, comme elle était dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Beaucoup de ces nouvelles peuvent ouvrir des sujets de recherche, certains étant incité, des sujets tels que l'immigration de la population allemande de l'Empire russe en Moldavie, en 1842.
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