In educational literature we can find different definitions on evaluation. Evaluation is the pay-off of description – it is the synthesis of descriptive information and criterial information according to very strict and difficult rules (Scriven, 1975). Evaluation can be characterised as the process by which people make judgements about value and worth; evaluation is the process by which people make value judgements about things (Oliver, 2000).
It is obvious that evaluation is a delicate and sensitive task. On the other hand, it is not a simple and obvious process. Usually evaluation has its formal and informal sides.
Despite playing a central role in peoples’ daily life, the average Kenyan secondary school students’ mathematics score in national examinations has consistently averaged below 40%. The contribution of teachers’ lesson preparations and subsequent delivery leading to this poor result has not been investigated sufficiently in Kenyan secondary schools. This is especially so for topics deemed to be difficult. The present study investigated the effect of teacher preparations when teaching the topic “Vectors” to form three secondary school students. The instructional plans impact on achievement as well as on skills performance in Mathematics formed the objectives of the study. The Solomon- four experimental design was adopted. Professionally drawn Instructional Plans provided the treatment. Students’ achievement was determined using a Mathematics Achievement Test, MAT. The study determined that the use of the instructional plans improved students’ achievement and skill performance compared to the control group. Consequently use of instructional plans when teaching mathematics was recommended for improved students’ achievement. Emphasis on students’ stepwise skill performance rather than insistence on acquisition of correct answers during problem solution in mathematics was recommended.
DISPARITIES IN THE PHYSICS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
AND ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN WESTERN PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGY RENEWAL
Author(s): Jane Amunga,Maurice Musasia Amadalo,Geoffrey Musera / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2011
Keywords: disparities; gender; harnessing; industrializing; technological and unequal outcomes;
The topic of unequal outcomes for men and women in math and science has been in the public domain for some time now. This study however had special interest in physics because it is an optional science subject in most schools and taken by those confident enough to take on a third science subject. It is a key science subject expected to drive Kenya’s vision 2030 initiative which aims at making the country a newly industrializing middle income country providing high quality life for all its citizens. The realization of this vision calls for the harnessing of the science and technological ability of both men and women in the country; it is a collective responsibility of both genders. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. This paper presents the findings of the study on disparities in achievement and enrolment in physics in Kenya with a focus in Western Province. This study was conducted in 40 secondary schools in Western Province. Out of the selected 40 schools, responses were obtained from 32 schools giving a response rate of 80%. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Data on enrolment and performance on physics was obtained from the respective Heads of Departments. The study revealed that there are disparities in enrolment and achievement among the different school categories and gender disparities as well. Boys’ schools have had a steady lead in the enrolment and achievement on physics during the five years. The findings indicate that there is need to have a change in strategies in order to improve performance and enrolment in girls’ and co-education schools.
Quality of mathematical education is very actual didactic issue at present. One possibility how to increase it is a use of unconvencional experimentally inductive approach. The appropriate textbook then can be a useful helper for teacher who intends to apply this approach. There are given an analysis of the usage of inductive and deductive approach in mathematical textbooks here. The research was focused on the content of mathematics textbooks for secondary school, on their interpretative and exercise text components, respectively. The main interest was to explore the representation of inductive and deductive methods in interpretation of the mathematics textbooks and to measure the content of the exercises whose student's solution requires the use of heuristic approaches. The results of the analysis show that each author prefers a different approach to interpretation which is used in the writing of textbooks. Interpretative means most contained in all the textbooks are a direct interpretation with the motivation (34.4%), a direct interpretation without motivation (31%) and an indirect interpretation with the motivation (24.5%). Inductive and deductive interpretative means are only rarely represented in all the textbooks. The highest rate was registred in the case of task using interpretation with the motivation (7%).
DIRICHLET’S PRINCIPLE AS AN ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN MATHEMATIC EDUCATION
Author(s): Sona Ceretkova,Lubica Korenekova / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2011
Keywords: case study; elementary mathematical model; Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet; problem solving;
One important part of nowadays research in theory of mathematics education is focused on searching for some interesting and non-traditional mathematical topics and themes. The topic named the “Dirichlet’s Principle” is aimed to promote and exercise mathematical competencies by using quite simple mathematical rules. The rules were discovered and described in the 19th century by Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859). The article describes case studies as the results of qualitative research of mathematics’ lessons with the topic of Dirichlet’s principle at upper-secondary school and university. The elements of the history of mathematics concerning the topic and Dirichlet’s personality are also involved. Definitions, examples of exercises, tasks and problems are given in the article, too. Recommended methods of teaching with the focus on active methods, which support inquiry based learning, are described. Two case studies, one realized at secondary grammar school (17 year-old pupils) and one at university (student teachers) are described as examples of theoretical and methodological background implementation. The context of tasks and problems which are solved by using Dirichlet’s principle is set in real life situations. The topic content therefore helps to show the importance of mathematical knowledge for everyday life.
THE CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY BANDS ANALYSIS OF BRAIN WAVE DURING LEARNING
Author(s): Fu-Chien Kao,Wei-De Li,Han-Chieh Hsien,Chih-Hung Wang / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2011
Keywords: cognitive neuroscience; electroencephalogram; learning energy index;
The traditional E-learning often offers the online examination to assess the learning effect of a student after completion of the online learning. Basically, this traditional learning assessment mechanism is a passive and negative assessment mechanism, which cannot provide an real-time learning warning mechanism for teachers or students to find out problems as early as possible (including such learning conditions as “absence of mind” resulting from poor learning stage or physical or psychological factor), and the post-assessment mechanism also cannot assess the learning effectiveness provided by the online learning system. This research paper attempts to acquire the electroencephalogram to analyze the characteristic frequency band of the brainwave related to learning and formulate the learning energy index (LEI) for the learner at the time when the learner is reasoning logically via the brain-wave detector based on the cognitive neuroscience. With the established LEI, the physical and psychological conditions of an online leaner can be provided instantly for teachers for assessment. Given that the learning system is integrated into the brainwave analytic sensing component, the system not only can provide learners an instant learning warming mechanism, but also help teachers and learning partners to further understand the causes of learning disorder of learners, and can also provide relevant learning members with timely care and encouragement. This research will discuss and analyze such subjects as the electroencephalogram difference between the traditional print textbooks and the multi-medium textbooks, whether the development of exercise habit will be help to learning by means of a view of cognitive neuroscience except for the analysis of characteristic frequency band of the brainwave represented at the time when learners adopt diverse learning methods.
This study aims to clarify primary school teacher students’ experiences about the use of blogs in the context of a science course which includes collaborative inquiry-based approaches and a field trip. Teacher students were asked to design and conduct a small inquiry and report the phases of the process in a blog and then write their ideas about inquiry-based teaching and learning in it. The inquiry process was loosely scaffolded by linking the blogs together. The students were also asked to fill in a questionnaire of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), in order to acquire insight into their views on the scaffolding needed for their own inquiry process, as well as the role of scaffolding in the inquiry method in primary school. The findings showed that after discussing them with each other, teacher students were able to formulate personally meaningful problems for their investigation. Teacher students investigated multidisciplinary elements and learned about different phases of the inquiry and the blogs enabled them to follow the process of others. Teacher students’ information retrieval and processing skills developed through out the inquiry and aided them in other teacher education courses, also giving them a firm foundation and confidence in accessing and applying information as life-long learners.
CHALLENGES OF THE EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA CONTEXT
Author(s): Liliana Mammino / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2011
Keywords: education for sustainable development; formal and informal education; indigenous knowledge systems; language of instruction;
The education for sustainable development is one of the major challenges of our époque, because it is the key to make sustainable development possible by fostering informed, active and convinced participation from the public. It is also a novel type of challenge, because it needs to reach the public at large, and not only learners within the formal instruction systems, and it needs to promote responses in terms of sustainable behaviour patterns. Therefore, it needs to expand beyond science education and to incorporate and utilise additional types of information in order to design the best communication options for each type of audience. On the other hand, it requires a certain level of science literacy to offer adequate motivations on proposing sustainable behaviour patterns; therefore, it may also need to address the issue of science literacy when necessary, above all when targeting the general public.After an introductory overview of the general features of these challenges, the paper focuses on the Sub Saharan Africa context and attempts to outline options for the integration of the new messages inherent in the sustainable development concept with relevant aspects of the local realities. Specific attention is given to the challenges common to science education and to sustainable development education (mostly stemming from historical reasons); to the challenges of education aimed at fostering sustainable patterns; to possible routes for the youths’ active participation in the dissemination of information and in the design of viable sustainable options; and to the importance of connections with traditional systems of knowledge and values.
Physical education plays a central role in increasing the level and quality of physical activity, especially among young people, with a tendency to such a pattern of behavior one day become life-style. Since that physical ability, level of interest and commitment is varying from student to student, the study of problems of motivation for active involvement in physical activity is very important. At sample of 706 pupils from the 4th - 7th grade primary schools (age 11 – 14) were examined the gender differences in sports involvement and motivation for engagement in physical education. There was a statistically significant difference between boys and girls. Boys who were actively involved in sport attained the highest scores on the motivation scale, and girls who were not involved in sport at all attained the lowest scores. So, raising pupils' awareness of the advantages for health, regular growth and development, have their engagement in physical activities, at least in the most basic form, such as active participation in PE, would be important for girls since their scores at Motivation scale for measurement of involvement in PE were significantly lower than boys, no matter on their sports involvement.
The study on technical teachers’ factors that influence student’s academic performance in industrial education programme in Rivers State, Nigeria was carried out in Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria and Rivers State University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprised all students undergoing industrial programme while sample size used for study was 206 students, which comprises 96 students for Rivers State University of Science and Technology and 110 students for University of Education. The only instrument used for the study was the questionnaire. Two research questions and one null hypothesis where posed and tested for the study. The Findings of the study imply that, workshop spaces are inadequate, teacher in both institutions do not use instructional materials always, teachers do not select and use the most appropriate techniques in lesson delivery. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made.
The project “Modern ICT tools in science and economic disciplines and their presentation” (ICTEDUCA) takes place in the period between June 2009 and June 2012. The project was aimed at improving the quality of the study programmes of the physics teacher training by means of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in physics teaching and show relations between subjects. Some surveys in the Czech Republic show that physics is negatively evaluated by students in primary and secondary schools. In this article it is described some possibilities how to popularize in physics and science education using modern tools. The first part this article describes a searching interdisciplinary relation, which has an assignment to show connections between physics phenomena and human body. In the second part is introduced a voting system, through the teachers improve students in their lessons. The last part of the article attend to remote control experiments, which students, experimenters, teachers or any users can control all our experiments from its personal computer through the Internet from the website http://www.ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab/.
THE POPULARITY OF GEOGRAPHY IN POLAND AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE TO STUDY INTRODUCTORY REPORT OF THE RESEARCH
Author(s): Bożena Wójtowicz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2011
Keywords: competences; entrepreneurship; reasons for the selection; the strategy of education;
The number of secondary school graduates choosing a particular discipline to study is, to some extent, the reflection of the position of this scientific discipline and the improvement of its research achievements as well as the economical needs for such university graduates. The popularity of a particular scientific discipline is revealed in the number of applicants wanting to study the selected discipline along with the number of students. It depends on many factors, such as: changing demographic processes, social changes, the demand for specialists in the sphere of the economy, the status and the position of a particular scientific discipline, the personal interest of the individual as well as the formal conditions (e.g. limits of the accepted students, legal restrictions, demanded disciplines, etc.). In order to answer the question how popular the Geographical studies are in Poland, the statistic data of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education was analyzed. Furthermore, the questionnaires among the students of Geography in eight academic centers in Poland were conducted. The research allowed to capture the important factors that had the great impact on the interest in the sphere of the geographical studies among young people. It should allow the universities dealing with geographical studies to develop the strategies of popularization of such studies. The psychological aspect of the made choice had the considerable impact on the popularity. The main factors, which were crucial as far as the selection of the studies at the university was concerned, appeared as follow: the close distance from the university, the possibility of selecting the preferred specialty, the prestige of the university in the rankings, the family traditions.
INTERNAL SECURITY CHALLENGES OF NORTH MACEDONIA AS A NATO
MEMBER STATE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Author(s): Mitko Arnaudov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: NATO; North Macedonia; Covid-19 pandemic; contemporary security threats; strategies
The role of international organizations in the process of fighting with the Covid-19pandemic was brought into the question for several reasons: first, certain international organizations did not have capacities for reacting promptly during the pervasive pandemic; second, certain international organizations focused on economic integration did not have even distribution of resources set for fight against pandemic, while the third group of international organizations, focused on security issues, as it is NATO, have had even more questionable role during the pandemic, bearing in mind that they not reallocated bigger part of military spending for medicaments and medical equipment, especially for developing member states such as North Macedonia, but its contribution was mostly symbolic through humanitarian aid. The focus in this paper would be to find an answer to the question whether international organizations which are dealing with security and defence questions are focused only to so-called hard threats or in theirs strategies they have understanding for contemporary threats which is facing modern societies, such as Covid-19 pandemic. North Macedonia NATO membership will be used as a case study in this paper bearing in mind that it is small country with the weak economy capacities and political system in the process of transition. The major goal of the paper would be to present the role of NATO during the Covid-19 pandemic, how this organization has provided assistance to North Macedonia authorities during the pandemic, as a most serious threat for the sustainability of the public institutions, as well as to provide suggestions for new security strategies of NATO in the upcoming period, which would be focused not only to the so-called conventional threats in terms of military power, but also to the civil threats that in contemporary societies could harm the national system even harder than it could be done using military instruments.
Although the issue of gender and climate change on the one hand and the problems of the consequences of climate change and security on the other are well-researched topics, the link between gender, climate change and security has remained an unexplored topic. The link between gender, climate change and security is a very important issue that sheds new light on addressing the problems of climate change, gender relations and security risks. This means that security studies in the context of climate change and the risks they pose must include a gender perspective in the analysis as an integral part of it. But studies that study gender relations and climate change must also include a security perspective in their conceptual and methodological apparatus. In what follows, I will try to give an overview and an argument of the conceptual relevance of gender issues, climate change and security, and the importance of their relevance to the research and policy responses.
RETHINKING COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND PEACE-KEEPING THROUGH THE GENDER PRISM – THE CASE STUDY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Author(s): Nermina Jerkovic,Mirsad Buzar / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; UNSCR 1325; Women; Peace and Security
As a legally binding document, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325(hereafter: UNSCR 1325) presents a solid legal framework for women’s inclusion in all phases of conflict resolution and peace processes by urging member states to ensure increased participation of women in the security sectors. There is a presumption that the adoption and implementation of the UNSCR 1325 empower women and give them importance as subjects, as persons who should decide the highest levels of national and international security spheres, which led to women’s economic development. This paper argues that the UNSCR1325 lays the foundation and provides women with opportunities to enter into spheres of national and international peace and security as active players, but only in the lower levels of the security institutions. Regarding those higher, additional efforts should be made by the respective national actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For this hypothesis confirmation, the article reflects upon the international legal texts followed by the desk analysis of the national framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina for women empowerment. The case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrates that the role of Gender Focal Points remains irrelevant for gender mainstreaming in law enforcement agencies at the state level, as conducted interviews show. The paper offers recommendations for improved women’s participation in the security sector at the national and international levels.
THE IMPACT OF THE MIGRANT CRISIS ON YOUTH AND SECURITY IN
THE UNA-SANA CANTON, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Author(s): Jasmin Ahić,Kenan Hodžić / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: migrant crisis; youth, security; Una-Sana Canton; Bosnia and Herzegovina
The authors of this paper analyse and examine the sense of security of high school students in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Una-Sana Canton. Awareness of students about the sources of vulnerability and insecurity in schools and whole community is the starting point of study in this paper. On the other hand, it is evident that a large number of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers have recently remained stuck in Bosnia and Herzegovina. USK is one of the areas burdened with the largest number of illegal migrants. With a qualitative and quantitative research approach, the authors try to see the whole picture regarding various security threats due to the emergence of the migrant crisis, which caused enormous pressure on institutions and the population. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to systematically analyse the impact of the migrant crisis on youth and security in the Una-Sana Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this way, we will look at the possibilities of violating security by shedding light on the opinions and attitudes of the high school population.
Climate change has been undoubtedly profiled as a very significant factor in migratory movements in recent times. This is conditioned with the gradual but continuous aggravation of climatic circumstances, which has occurred especially since the 1950s, when significant changes in average weather conditions were observed, such as continuous growth in global temperature, more frequent and intense droughts, storms and warm periods, rise of the sea levels etc. In the early 1990s, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)indicated that the greatest particular impact of climate change could be human migration, with all subsequent consecutive reports from relevant international institutions insisting that environmental degradation, and especially climate change, have tendency to become the leading trigger for population displacement in the future. Given the all above mentioned, authors intend to examine the security aspects of migration caused by climate change, as well as the thesis that climate change is a ‘threat multiplier’, especially in the countries of the Global South. The authors also consider the need to review the international and national legal framework, which is necessary due to noticeably inadequate treatment and protection of people forced to leave their home due to hostile climate change.
LEISURE TIME OF YOUTH AND THEIR PERCEPTION OF SAFETY
Author(s): Admir Hadžikadunić,Goran Kovačević / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: Youth; leisure; safety; security
In the period of adolescence, the need for freedom, independence, proving and confirming is most pronounced. In this search for their own identity, interest in the opposite sex and the desire to get to know the world, young people are increasingly evading parental control and supervision and are increasingly absent from the family. As young people spend more and more free time in their favourite activities such as going out to clubs and cafes, going to concerts, gatherings in parks, etc., a new, unexplored world opens before them, which becomes more and more attractive to them, but at the same time and sources of fear and insecurity. The aim of this paper is to gain insight into the habits and patterns of leisure time of young people from first to fourth grade of high schools in Una-Sana Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina, examine their sense of security, and analyse the reasons for feelings of insecurity among them. From December 2020 to May 2021, 1,300 students who took part in research activities were surveyed. The area where the research was conducted included eight municipalities in the Una-Sana Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES RESPONSE TO CONTEMPORARY SECURITY
CHALLENGES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Author(s): Zlatan Bajramović,Mirsad Buzar / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: law enforcement; security challenges; organized crime; terrorism; illegal migrations
Bosnia and Herzegovina, as part of Western Balkans and Europe, is facing same challenges as in other states in the region. Numerous security challenges in the region are making states and its citizens vulnerable and force the governments and law enforcement agencies to cooperate, exchange information and work together to respond properly. There is so much common in legal framework and organization of law enforcement agencies in other states in the region but Bosnia and Herzegovina is different. Unique political and administrative structure compare with other states in the region, 16 law enforcement agencies in inner security system divided in state level, two entities, one district and ten cantons and difficult cooperation and coordination between different ministries, institutions and agencies are some of obstacles. This paper focus on how much the differences in Bosnia and Herzegovina influence planning, decision making process, cooperation, coordination, control and time to respond on security challenges such as organized crime, terrorism and illegal migrations.
Author(s): Ilarija Basic / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: Migrants; security; challenges; COVID-19; health care
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the life of every human being including those who are on the move in a search for a better life in one of EU countries. It has left the impact on the health and wellbeing of the migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in BiH residing in temporary reception centres, but also those in informal locations who are particularly affected due to poor access to health services and limited access to proper sanitation, hygiene facilities and personal protective equipment. In addition to this, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers have faced overcrowded temporary reception centres, burn down of one centre in the middle of the winter, deterioration of social cohesion in host communities and xenophobic narrative of some politicians. This research paper aims to analyse were the introduced COVID-19 measures within temporary reception centres in accordance with the recommendations for the local population, have the people on the move have access to the proper health care related to the COVID-19 including immunization, how the security risks related to the transmission were prevented, both in centres and informal locations. Using the content analysis, comparative, descriptive, and interview methods, in this research paper will also be deepened the understanding of how security challenges related to these events were overwhelmed.
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