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The Romanian Party Leadership and the Fate of Imre Nagy

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The Romanian Party Leadership and the Fate of Imre Nagy

Author(s): Alexandr Stykalin / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2002

Keywords: Imre Nagy; Romania; politics; party leader;

On November 2, 1956 Nikita Khrushchev secretly met in Bucharest with the leaders of Romania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia to inform them of the Soviet plans to overthrow the Imre Nagy government. The Romanians suggested that their troops should also participate in the military operation. Romania was considered by the Soviets a more reliable allied than any other Socialist country. Turning into an active advocate and even participant of the violence over the former Hungarian Prime Minister, the Romanian Party leader Gheorghiu-Dej did more than merely submitted himself to the order of “elder brother”, he tried to derive maximum benefit from the events in the neighbor country. Mortally frightened by the Hungarian revolt, the Romanian communists succeeded in using it in the interests of strengthening their power.

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ANALYSING USER RESISTANCE TO DISTANCE LEARNING SYSTEMS BY ACADEMICS WITHIN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC USING THE TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL

Author(s): Fevziye Bekar,Handan Çam / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Covid-19 Outbreak; Technology Acceptance Model; Resistance to Chance; High Education; Academicians;

The aim of this study is to determine academics’ user resistance to distance learning, their perceptions of the distance learning systems and factors affecting their perceptions of the changes in the education system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study’s population consists of 440 academics working in 43 different universities in Turkey. The research sample were determined through convenience and snowball sampling methods. The data were collected using an online questionnaire form created within Google Forms. After validity and reliability analyses on the data, eight different hypotheses were tested using structural equation analysis. All eight hypotheses proposed within the study were accepted after receiving the results of this analysis. The results of the study show that user resistance has a significantly negative effect on the users that utilise distance learning. However, the perceived ease of use and usefulness have a significantly positive effect on attitude and behavior.

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IRAN: BEING A NUCLEAR THRESHOLD STATE WITHIN A NATIONAL RESISTANCE CONTEXT

Author(s): Bilgehan ALAGÖZ,Emine Gözde TOPRAKI / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Iran; nuclear threshold; axis of resistance; national role conception; role theory;

For almost four decades, Iran's foreign policy rhetoric and actions have drawn the attention of the international community. Iran acquired a leadership role in the advocacy of oppressed people against oppressors after the 1979 Revolution. In this direction, it has exhibited two-pronged foreign policy behaviour over the years. One is the axis of resistance politics, and the second is the advancement of a nuclear program. The Iranian-led coalition network known as the ‘Axis of Resistance’ includes Shiite paramilitary groups in Iraq, the Syrian Ba'ath regime, Palestinian resistance organizations, and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Since the USA adopted the 'Axis of Evil’ rhetoric against Iran in 2002, Iran has simultaneously deepened its relations with the axis of resistance in the face of this pressure and has advanced its nuclear activities, which has transformed it into a nuclear threshold state. In this article, we argue that these two main foreign policy activities are inseparable and they are ultimately the consequence of Iran's adopted national role, i.e., the leader of the oppressed. Therefore, we discuss that with its resistance to the pressures relevant to the nuclear program, Iran intends to give a clear message to the proxies on the axis of resistance. We applied role theory on the relationship between the axis of resistance concept and nuclear policy to contribute to the prominent foreign policy debates over Iran's two inseparable foreign policy behaviours.

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THE EFFECT OF KEY AUDIT MATTERS ON AUDIT REPORT LAG AND DETERMINANTS OF THE AUDIT REPORT LAG: TURKISH EVIDENCE

Author(s): Turgay SAKİN,Sultan KUZU YILDIRIM / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Key Audit Matters (KAM); audit report lag (ARL); audit report; ordinary least squares (OLS);

This paper aimed to analyze the effect of Key Audit Matters disclosure on Audit Report Lag in Turkey and the relationship between Audit Report Lag and some auditor and firm characteristics. SPSS 28 program was used to test the hypotheses by applying the dependent and independent t-tests, ANOVA method and the Kruskal Wallis Test. The addition of the Key Audit Matters section in the audit report in order to strengthen the communication of the auditor via audit reports is considered one of the important regulations made in recent years. In order to understand the impact of Key Audit Matter reporting on Turkish companies, the results of the 2016 and 2017 financial statements of the companies other than the financial companies in BIST 100 were compared. This comparison revealed that the inclusion of Key Audit Matters in audit reports does not affect audit report lag. In the study, some variables including Key Audit Matters were examined for the purpose of identifying the determinants of audit report lag. Results, which are consistent with some literature, showed that ROA had a significant negative influence on audit report lag. No significant relationship was found between audit report lag and other variables including size, auditor firm, and auditor gender.

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EVALUATION OF GREECE’S UNLAWFUL ACTIONS AGAINST THE AEGEAN ISLANDS

Author(s): Selman Öğüt,Sümeyye DÜNDAR / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Aegean islands; Aegean Sea; Turkey; Greece; international law;

There are several problems between Turkey and Greece that they can be examined under many separate headings. Problems such as continental shelf, territorial waters, airspace, and not least the Cyprus conflict, have become extremely difficult to deal with as both sides have their own legal arguments. These problems, which have been on the agenda especially since the 1970s, became political and diplomatic crises and continue to be so today as well. Even though it might be assumed that the existing problems have existed since the second half of the 20th century, the origins of these problems go back to the Ottoman Empire and the existence of Greece as an independent state. The main reason for this study is to shed light on the problem of the Aegean Islands—which are scattered in the form of islands, islets, and rocks right in front of the Turkish mainland in the Aegean Sea; remained under Turkish domination for 400 years; creates security concerns from a geopolitical standpoint and can be described as indispensable—and on Greece’s attitude towards the existing problems that goes against international law.

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IMPACT OF MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS ON THE TURKISH STOCK MARKET EFFICIENCY

Author(s): Ceyda AKTAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Market efficiency; unit root tests; BIST100; stationarity; global events;

Market efficiency is of great importance to many investors, policy makers, as well as researchers. It provides them with information regarding the market and acts as a guide in their decision-making process. For this reason, there have been extensive amount of research done through the years. However, the World has witnessed several major events in the last couple of decades, which has been of great importance for financial markets, having both direct and indirect impacts. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic can be the two most important events the World has experienced. Although past research shows that the impact of both events on the efficiency of the stock markets were looked at in separate studies, there is lack of studies involving both major events and analysing how the efficiency of the stock market is changing between these periods. The aim of this study is to analyse the weak-form efficiency of the Turkish stock market and how it has evolved over time. There are 4 different data sets used to observe the changes in market efficiency, with full sample ranging from February 1988 to September 2022. Monthly closing prices of the BIST100 Index are analysed using both the traditional linear Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and 5 different non-linear unit root tests. Results show that different tests have different strengths in capturing the stationarity and due to the LNV test Turkish Stock Market was found not to be weak form efficient.

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The Duality of High and Low Culture in D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover

Author(s): Dilek BULUT SARIKAYA / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: D. H. Lawrence; Lady Chatterley’s Lover; cultural studies; high culture; low culture;

Lawrence, in Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928), reflects the post-war modern British society which condemns its individuals into a psychological trauma of ongoing conflicts between different classes and cultures. Advocating the exigency of a classless society, Lawrence shatters the hegemonic ideology of the highbrow culture which disdains working class culture as vulgar, coarse and commonplace. Reacting against the cultural displacement of working classes who are considered as masses, Lawrence indulges in revealing the authenticity and earnestness of the working class culture. Lawrence’s depiction of an uncorrupt ethical standing of the working class culture is the negation of the concept of culture, associated with high class manners and ways of life. The prevailing concern of this study, therefore, will be to analyze Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover from the perspective of cultural studies to unravel the clash of high and low cultures in relation to the hierarchical class structure of the post-war England.

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Emotion Regulation Skills with the Changing Perception of Happiness in the Pandemic

Author(s): Elifcan CESUR / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: Covid-19; perception of happiness; emotion regulation skills; hedonic adaptation; mixed method;

In the present study, the purpose was to determine the happiness perceptions of the students who returned to school after the Covid19 pandemic prohibitions from the beginning of the semester to the end of the semester, to examine their adaptations in the process, and to examine whether the emotion regulation skills of the students affected the hedonic adaptation situation. The study was conducted in the mixed model, Convergent Parallel Design, in the case study design in the qualitative dimension, and descriptive research design in the quantitative dimension. The study group, which was determined with the Snowball Sampling Method, consisted of 24 students. The Emotion Regulation Skills Scale and Interview Form were used as the data collection tools. The results of the study show that emotion regulation skills have a positive effect on the hedonic adaptations of students and positively affect their perceived happiness levels.

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Involvement of the Orthodox Church in the Ecumenical Movement in the Context of the Orthodox Participation in the World Council of Churches

Author(s): Salome Esebua,Malkhaz Songhulashvili / Language(s): English / Issue: 84/2022

Keywords: Ecumenism; Orthodoxy; Orthodox Ecumenism; World Council of Churches;

The main concern of the ecumenical movement is to overcome the problem connected with the schism and division among Christians. The position of the Orthodox Church is very important in this process, because of historical and other reasons. Orthodox Churches have participated in the ecumenical movement from the very beginning. The purpose of this article is to review the historical context and to examine the main difficulties that exist in the modern ecumenical movement in relation to the Orthodox Churches. As far as the structure of the Orthodox Church differs from that of the Roman Catholic Church, it should be mentioned that the documents and the encyclicals on which the article is based are from autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches. Autocephalous means that there are seventeen self-governing Eastern Orthodox Churches that recognize each other as canonical Churches. The highest-ranking bishop is called a patriarch, archbishop, or metropolitan. These seventeen Orthodox Churches share a eucharistic communion, they recognize common dogmas and common ecclesiastical traditions. Therefore, when the article attempts to express the position of the Orthodox Church, it refers to the official documents of the Orthodox Churches announced at inter-Orthodox gatherings or as the encyclicals. The article examines when and why the Orthodox Churches became involved in the ecumenical movement and what challenges the Orthodox Church faces in modern ecumenical organizations.

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An Approach to Jonathan Magonet and Desmond Tutu on Global Ethic for Humanity

Author(s): Alexander Kokobili / Language(s): English / Issue: 84/2022

Keywords: Global ethic; Human dignity and human rights; Christianity; Judaism; Religious tolerance;

This article focuses on the ideas of Jonathan Magonet and Desmond Tutu in promoting religious ethics of social harmony, love, and the peaceful coexistence of humanity. The problem of religious intolerance across the world has resulted in the need to propose ethics that will support the rights to freedom and dignity of humankind. J. Magonet and D. Tutu’s ideas seek to bring to the limelight religious ethics to promote respect for humanity through a Judeo-Christian path. While J. Magonet dwells on the foundations of Judaism in relation to the Torah and Talmud, D. Tutu emphasizes the influence of Christianity with respect to human rights in relation to a global ethic.

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Health Protection, Health and Human Life as Key Areas of Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

Ochrona zdrowia, zdrowie i życie ludzkie jako kluczowe obszary zagrożenia w czasie pandemii COVID-19 w Polsce

Author(s): Emilia Jaroszewska,Małgorzata Ołdak / Language(s): English / Issue: 65/2022

Keywords: COVID; healthcare; health; life; psyche

The text compares the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the area of health, looking at them from the short and long-term perspective. The fields of analysis selected in this way also included issues such as deficits persisting after the end of treatment or the health consequences of lifestyle changes as a result of restrictions related to the pandemic or the transition to a remote work/study. An important thread of reflection is also the impact of the pandemic on the psyche of Poles in relation to specific socio-demographic features. A particularly important topic was the issue of the health debt and its consequences for the health of Polish society – both in the context of already identified deficits and problems that may arise in the future.

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An Inside Look at Teacher Stress: Is Teaching (Un)stressful?

Author(s): Tamara Goncharova / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: stress; sources od stress; stress prevention; positive stress; teaching

The article concerns stress as a factor influencing lives of many teachers. Teaching can be a stressful profession and stress may affect career motivation and diminish effectiveness and job satisfaction of many loyal and gifted teachers. They are facing many different sources of stress. It comes of no surprise that stress levels among teachers are still increasing. There are presented particular personality traits that are somehow related to different reactions on stress and the way people handle it. The study was conducted to illustrate the problems that teachers struggle with. The results of the questionnaire are supposed to show the advantages, drawbacks and consequences of stress occurring in the workplace.

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The macropragmatics of follow-up sequences in political communication

Author(s): Piotr Cap / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: follow-ups; political macro-discourse; context analysis; legitimization; Iraq War; proximization

Follow-ups have been often considered a primarily dialogic/conversational phenomenon. In this paper I demonstrate that the concept of the follow-up could be extended to cover monologic discourses as well, especially those in which the speaker realizes a macro-goal over a number of texts produced in different contextual conditions. These dynamically evolving conditions make the speaker – as happens in dialogue – continually update and redefine her rhetorical choices to maintain realization of the macro-goal intact. Such an approach subsumes a ‘dialogic’ relation between the speaker and the shifting discourse context – rather than between the speaker and her specific interlocutor – and views follow-up as an instance of rhetoric that has been forcibly modified from the previous/initial instance, to keep enacting the speaker’s macro-goal against requirements of the new context. As an illustration, I show how monologic follow-ups work in G.W. Bush’s War-on-Terror discourse. In particular, I discuss how the macro-goal of Bush’s 2003-04 rhetoric of the Iraq War (legitimization of the pre-emptive military strike and the later US involvement) has been maintained in the ‘follow-up speeches’ responding to loss of the initial legitimization premise, i.e. the alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction by the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.

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From EFL to CLIL and EMI in Poland: Language Education in Transition

Author(s): Piotr Romanowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: English; EFL; CLIL; EMI; Poland

The past decades have seen a substantial rise in the use of English as a language of instruction in Polish, European and global secondary and tertiary education. That being said, a shift from the English as a Foreign Language approach to Content and Language Integrated Learning as well as English Medium Instruction paradigms has been observed. While the former is an instructional approach employing English or any other foreign language in secondary education, the latter has been implemented to serve as an instructional framework applying exclusively English in higher education contexts. This article reconceptualizes the prior role of English as a Foreign Language in the Polish system of education and discusses the rapidly expanding frameworks of Content and Language Integrated Learning and English Medium Instruction labelled as increasingly ubiquitous and significant trends in internationalising both secondary and tertiary education.

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British Council’s initiatives for the Polish community in the stagnation time of the Cold War (1949-1952)

Author(s): Ewelina Gdaniec / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: British Council in Warsaw; British Council initiatives; George Bidwell; the Cold War

The problem of cultural activity of British Council’s Polish post from its reactivation to further development in the course of two turbulent years of the post-war era, has not been taken upon in literature. The paper aims to present the data on British Council’s initiatives in Warsaw, based on queries made in the National Archives in London. The context is set in the times of communist-entrenching in Poland, focusing on the stagnation time of the Cold War (1949-1952), when all contacts of Western diplomats and officials with the Polish community were being gradually restrained. The communist regime continuously supervised the cultural content proposed by British diplomatic missions, though British Council continued its mission.

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SHOULD EPONYMS BE KEPT? EMPHATIC YES

Author(s): Uladzimir Slabin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: science education; scientific terminology; eponyms

Conducting research in science education, the authors of the Journal of Baltic Science Education surely remember eponyms in school subjects and university courses. Eponym is a term that includes the name of the person, who discovered a species (biology), explored a glacier (geography), synthesized a compound (chemistry), formulated a law (physics), invented a device (engineering), proved a theorem (mathematics), treated or suffered a disease (medicine), etc. Most chemists and chemistry teachers know, e.g., such eponyms as Avogadro number, Wurtz reaction, Mendeleev table, Liebig condenser, Claisen adapter, Berthollet salt, asf. Eponyms are a relatively new domain of scientific terminology: they first appeared in the 19th century, when the development of science and technology grew rapidly, and scientists decided to honor brilliant colleagues, attaching their names to the discoveries they made. Before this, scientists used words from national and Latin languages to name discovered phenomena.

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CLIMATE CHANGE ATTITUDES, RELATIONSHIP TO NATURE AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF STUDENTS FROM THREE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Karel Nepras,Tereza Strejckova,Roman Kroufek,Milan Kubiatko / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: climate change attitudes; climate change education; climate change knowledge; environmental attitudes; pro-environmental behaviour; primary school;

Climate change is not a future problem, it is a significant variation of weather conditions becoming warmer, wetter or drier. It is the longer-term trend that differentiates climate change from natural weather variability. The aim of this research was to determine primary school students’ knowledge and attitudes related to climate change among primary school students (n = 473) in the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom and Portugal using a questionnaire survey. The dimensions of climate change knowledge, environmental attitudes and values, pro-environmental behaviour, and climate change attitudes were measured and analysed. The results showed gender differences in favour of girls in all the dimensions studied, except for climate change knowledge, where the results of boys and girls were comparable. In an international comparison, UK children scored higher on climate change knowledge and climate change attitudes dimensions. A multiple regression analysis showed the dimensions of nature preservation and appreciation of nature as the strongest positive predictors of pro-environmental behaviour and the dimensions of climate change knowledge and nature preservation as the strongest predictors of climate change belief. The results suggest the importance and implications of the wider societal debate on climate-related personal dimensions. The interconnectedness of environmental and climate-related topics at the primary school level is also evident.

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IMPROVING SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS OF STUDENTS WITH MILD INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Author(s): Tülay Şenel Çoruhlu,Muammer Çalık,Sibel Er Nas,Büşra Bilgin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: mild intellectual disabilities; science education; science process skills;

Relevant literature has an unexplored question on how prediction-observation-explanation (POE) worksheets affect science process skills of students with mild intellectual disabilities (SMID). Therefore, this research aimed to examine the effect of POE worksheets developed for the “matter and its nature” subject on SMID’s science process skills. Through pre-experimental research design, 12 fifth grade SMID participated in the research. To collect data, the researchers used science process skills development forms and rubrics to score their observations. During the teaching intervention, SMID implemented three POE worksheets, which included buzz 22 technique in the ‘prediction’ stage, hands-on experiments and QR codes in the ‘observation’ stage and snowball, learning gallery or card showing techniques in the ‘evaluation’ stage. The results indicated that the POE worksheets are effective at developing SMID’s science process skills of the "matter and its nature" subject. This research recommends that future comparative research should unveil how the POE worksheets with/without active learning techniques impact the SMID’s SPS.

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THE THINKING OF STUDENTS AGED 15-18 IN EXPLAINING THE DISSOLUTION PHENOMENON

Author(s): Guanxue Shi,Shanshan Lu,Hualin Bi / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: core ideas understanding; causal reasoning; dissolution phenomenon; small-sample qualitative study;

Explaining natural phenomena by determining causal relationships is conducive to understanding scientific concepts. In science education, numerous studies examine students' causal reasoning. Given the importance of core ideas for students’ understanding of how and why a phenomenon occurs, the study focused on the relationship between students' understanding of atoms/molecules interactions and the nature of reasoning. This study drew on a framework that identifies essential components of students' reasoning, which was used to analyze the dissolution phenomenon in the example of salt in water. Students in grades 9-12 (N=147) explained the dissolution of salt. The results showed that there were five types of reasoning: simple descriptive, fuzzy causal, linear causal, interactive causal, and mechanistic. More students in higher than lower grades exhibited non-causal reasoning. Based on the students' drawings of atoms/molecules interactions, the study summarized performance in the association category. Students’ performance in drawing indicated that their understanding of particle interactions was limited. The results showed that there was a large correlation between understanding of the core ideas and reasoning types.

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EFFECTS OF METACOGNITIVE SKILLS ON PHYSICS PROBLEM -SOLVING SKILLS AMONG FORM FOUR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Author(s): Clarice Wider,Walton Wider / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: gender differences; Malaysia; metacognitive skills; Physics problem-solving skills; secondary school students;

A number of studies have demonstrated a connection between metacognition and the ability to solve problems. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of metacognitive skills on Physics problem-solving skills among Form Four secondary school students in Sabah, Malaysia. This study included 248 students from 13 secondary schools in the Kota Kinabalu district. Physics Problem Solving Skills Test and the Metacognitive Skills Questionnaire were used as research instruments. The research found that Form Four students have high monitoring, regulation, and evaluation as measured aspects of metacognitive skills. Meanwhile, students' Physics problem-solving skills for "understanding the problem" and "devising a plan" are moderate, while "carrying out the plan" is good and "looking back at the solution" is low. The independent sample t-test reported that, in general, male students have better Physics problem-solving skills than females but found no gender differences in metacognitive skills. Furthermore, the linear multiple regression results revealed that monitoring and regulation skills are significant predictors of Physics problem-solving skills. This research helps school teachers better design teaching strategies in Physics, considering the student’s gender and metacognitive skills. Furthermore, this study provides secondary school students with learning insights for developing better techniques to improve their performance in Physics.

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