CEEOL - Advanced Search

SUSTAINABLE E-COMMERCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY

Author(s): Judit Oláh,József POPP,Muhammad Asif Khan,Nicodemus M. Kitukutha / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Sustainability; environmental impact footprint; ecommerce;

Sustainability is one of the most important socio-economic-environmental topics of the time. Consumers are increasingly demanding companies to have eco-friendly approaches that ensure sustainable ecommerce. There is a great challenge to e-commerce business, taking into account that e-commerce is connected with frequent shipping, high return rates, and non-recyclable packaging, which cause a negative impact on the environment. The studies show that ecommerce is rapidly growing and widely accepted. However, the challenge is how to sustain the growth of e-commerce in the long run considering the environmental impact. Therefore, the research gap on sustainable e-commerce should be considered in the light of the environmental impact. Qualitative, quantitative and cluster analysis methods are applied in this study. The results indicate that investing in more sustainable processes has a positive environmental impact. According to the survey, two out of three customers find online retailers adopting sustainability policies important. Only one out of four customers has decided to refuse firms that do not meet sustainability practices. Therefore, the studies of sustainable ecommerce are crucial. The findings indicate that most European countries have adopted e-commerce sustainability policies while countries in Africa have adopted only few (Kenya). Thus, theoretical and managerial implications are proposed in this study. In addition, all stakeholders should apply policies governing sustainable e-commerce and environmental impact: the government, retailers, and consumers.

More...

HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, DISRUPTED ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: ANALYZING UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCTION

Author(s): Hadi Tjahjanto,Tuhana Tuhana,Izza Mafruhah,Nurul Istiqomah,Dewi Ismoyowati / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: human development index; school enrollment; unemployment; stakeholder; Mactor; Central Java;

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing unemployment and determine the role of stakeholders in reducing unemployment in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data encompasses 35 regencies and municipalities of the Central Province from 2007 to 2020, with the total sample being 490. The employed sequential mixed method includes two analytical tools, namely panel data and vector regression with mactor software; the latter is used to examine the convergence among actors. Six main actors in reducing unemployment are identified, namely Regional Development Planning Agency (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah/Bappeda), Department of Labor, Department of Education, community leaders; job training center, and Indonesian Chamber of Commerce (Kamar Dagang dan Industri Indonesia/Kadin). The results of the first analysis show that the variables of economic growth, Human Development Index (HDI) and school enrollment have negative and significant effect on unemployment. The results of convergence analysis highlight the importance of the Department of Labor in linking the supply and demand sides of labor in Central Java.

More...

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SUSTAINABLE HOTEL SERVICES AS AN ASPECT OF PROENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF HOTEL GUESTS

Author(s): Daniel Puciato,Adam R. SZROMEK,Marek Bugdol / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: pro-environmental behaviors; sustainable services; hotel guests; willingness to pay; tourism;

Pro-environmental behaviors foster hotel sustainability, including the achievement of environmental goals. The willingness to pay more for sustainable hotel services should be considered a key proenvironmental behavior. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between hotel guests' willingness to pay more for sustainable services in regard to their proenvironmental behavior and selected socioeconomic characteristics. Two main research methods were used: a systematic literature review and a diagnostic survey. A total of 1317 questionnaires were collected from guests of six Polish hotels. The relationship between guests' willingness to pay more for sustainable hotel services and their environmental beliefs was observed. Relationships (positive and negative) between pro-environmental (mitigating) behaviors and willingness to pay higher costs for sustainable services were also noted. Moreover, guests with a higher financial status and education as well as younger guests were found to be more likely to accept higher prices for sustainable hotel services.

More...

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER EQUALITY, EMPLOYEES‘ PERCEPTION OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND WELLBEING IN EU: THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND MANAGEMENT POSITION

Author(s): Aurelija Stelmokienė,Gabija Jarasiunaite-Fedosejeva,Karina Kravčenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: gender equality; distributive justice about job opportunities; satisfaction with life; European Social Survey;

We aim to evaluate relationships between gender equality, perceived distributive justice and wellbeing in the European Union (the EU). Further, this study includes an analysis of the moderating effects of gender and management position on the gender equalitydistributive justice and distributive justice-wellbeing relationships. European Social Survey (ESS) Round 9 (2018/19) data file edition 3.1 was used for data analysis. Using probability sampling, ESS Round 9 data were collected in 27 European countries through computerassisted personal (face-to-face) interviewing. The sample of this study consisted of 20 013 respondents (49.3% female) aged 18 and older (mean age – 44.8 years, std. dev. – 12.365) from 23 European Union countries. Results showed that a higher level of gender equality at work was related to higher employees’ satisfaction with life. Perceived job opportunities mediated the relationship between gender equality at work and employees’ satisfaction with life. Employees’ gender and management position moderated the relationship between perceived job opportunities and satisfaction with life. However, neither employees’ gender nor management position moderated the relationship between gender equality at work and perceived job opportunities.

More...

AN EFFECTIVE DISTRACTION? FANTASY FOOTBALL DURING THE TIMES OF COVID-19

Author(s): Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar,Sharanya Basu Roy / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: fantasy football; COVID-19; English Premier League; fantasy sports;

The popularity of fantasy sports has increased exponentially over the last few decades. The existing literature has predominantly focused on the negative effects of fantasy football (or, fantasy sports in general) on mental health because of its association with gambling and internet addictions. Using primary data collected through online surveys, this study attempts to examine the role of fantasy football within a completely new context by asking whether it acted as an effective distraction for the fantasy football managers during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 70% of the participants consider fantasy football to be an effective escape from day-to-day activities. Approximately two-thirds of the managers in our sample report that they were negatively affected by the suspension of fantasy football at the advent of COVID-19. Once resumed, fantasy football helped mitigate some of the negative emotions caused by COVID-19 and it worked as a distraction for 78.5% of the managers during the pandemic. The statistical analysis indicates that though the role of fantasy football as a distraction was evident across all age groups the effect was more acute in case of the highly involved managers (defined by, level of competitiveness and time invested in the game during weekends).

More...

INSIDE ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION: DO RISK-TAKING AND INNOVATIVENESS INFLUENCE PROACTIVENESS?

Author(s): Krzysztof Wach,Marek Maciejewski,Agnieszka Głodowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; innovativeness; risk-taking, proactiveness; international entrepreneurship; internationalization of the firm; Poland; SEM;

The article focuses on the interdependencies within entrepreneurial orientation. The objective of the study was to verify the relationship between risk-taking and innovativeness, on the one hand, and proactiveness on the other hand, as three elements of entrepreneurial orientation of internationalized firms. The main research question the article answers is: In what way do risk-taking and innovativeness influence proactiveness within the interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation? The article employs structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) to analyse survey results based on a stratified sampling of 355 internationalized firms from Poland. The empirical findings demonstrate the positive impact of risk-taking (RISK) and innovativeness (INNO) on proactiveness (PROACT) within the interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the level of risk-taking (RISK) and innovativeness (INNO) accounts for 36% of the variation in proactiveness (PROACT), which is considered high in social sciences, including business studies.

More...

ECONOMIC BELIEFS AND PERCEPTIONS OF MIXEDGENDER TEAMS

Author(s): Andres Marroquin,Antonio Saravia,Allison Whitehead / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Beliefs; gender; Latin America; workplace;

Is there an association between economic beliefs and perceptions of the efficacy of mixed-gender teams? We approach this question for Latin America using the 2018 Latinobarometer survey. One of the questions in the survey asks respondents if they believe mixed-gender teams in the workplace produce better, worse, or equal results than teams formed exclusively by men. A different question in the same survey asks respondents about their attitudes towards international trade. We explore the relationship between the answers to these two questions. Because women and men bring different skills, points of view, and experiences to a team, pro-trade individuals may be inclined to identify these differences as comparative advantages, and regard mixed-gender teams as the spaces that make the profitable exchange of these advantages possible. Thus, pro-trade individuals may be more likely to perceive mixed-gender teams as more effective than teams formed exclusively by men. Our findings support this theory.

More...

SENSE OF FAIRNESS OR HUNGER FOR REVENGE? IT DOES MAKE A DIFFERENCE

Author(s): Mihály Ormos,Dusán Timotity / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: ultimatum game; bargaining game; reciprocal behavior; revenge; fairness; gender differences;

We analyze the driving factors of anomalistic patterns found in experimental studies related to bargaining games. In particular, we investigate whether the well-documented deviation from self-interested behavior can be partly, or entirely, attributed to revenge rather than fairness. Although, in general, related literature does not distinguish between the two latter notions, we highlight their differences and show that revenge significantly, and independently from the sense of fairness, contributes to decision-making in ultimatum games. Moreover, we show that, when controlling for various attributes, the hunger for revenge becomes the sole driving factor for both positively and negatively reciprocal behavior, rendering the sense of fairness insignificant. Our further cross-sectional analysis yields that gender differences are also very significant; however, the measured effects of fairness and revenge remain unaffected by this latter finding.

More...

TRUST IN GOVERNMENT AND INTENTION TO EMIGRATE IN A POST-SOVIET COUNTRY: EVIDENCE FROM AZERBAIJAN

Author(s): Khatai Aliyev,Ilkin Gasimov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: trust in government; institutional trust; intention to emigrate; life satisfaction; perceived income adequacy; migration policy;

Intention to emigrate has been one of the most challenging issues globally over the last decade for both migrant-sending and receiving countries. Rising emigration intentions trigger migration attempts and brain drain, while migrant-receiving countries are challenged by illegal emigration. Self-perceived trust in government is one of the fundamental determinants of citizens' emigration aspirations. This research applies path analyses to explore direct and indirect effects of trust in government on emigrating intentions in a post-soviet country – Azerbaijan. Using a pool of two social survey data (𝑁 = 4092, 𝑛𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 2106, 𝑛𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 1986, 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑔𝑒 = 31.82) within a serial mediation analysis framework, we conclude that the trust in government has a significant direct (65-70%) and indirect (30-35%) negative impact on emigration aspirations among the people of Azerbaijan. The relationship is mediated by self-reported life satisfaction. Perceived income adequacy also mediates the relationship indirectly via life satisfaction. A key novelty of the study is that, contrary to popular belief, emigration aspirations in Azerbaijan are revealed to be less economic in motivation and are mainly explained by the lack of trust in government, which also reduces individuals' satisfaction with life. Therefore, improving the quality of public services and the trust in government institutions would reverse intentions to emigrate. The research can be replicated in other developing countries, and the findings can be used to design policies aimed at controlling international emigration issues.

More...

PREFERENCES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES. A MULTICOUNTRY STUDY

Author(s): Akhmadjon Ortikov,Inna Čábelková,Svitlana Rotterova,Olesya Zhytna,Luboš Smutka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: economic growth; environment; preferences; postSoviet countries;

Although economic growth is always one of the priorities for a country, an ever-growing economy is unsustainable in the long run. Environment protection, public participation in decision-making, and, nowadays, even strong defense forces gain increasing importance for country sustainability. The paper studies trade-offs between national goals as impacted by the population values and attitudes in the post-soviet region. We study a representative dataset from eleven countries (N=20006, age 18+, M ± SD: 46,04 ± 17,07; 58% women, 46,8% upper education). Two indicators are utilized to determine the preferences for economic growth – the growth as the most important priority (the other three being military spending, public participation in social life, and aesthetics of city and countryside) and economic growth at the expense of environmental protection. Methodologically, we rely on correlations and confidence intervals for mean values (95%) analyses to study the associations and the country differences in preferences for economic growth. The results suggest that (1) post-Soviet countries are largely heterogeneous in their preference for economic growth as compared to other priorities, and geographically close countries may have opposing attitudes, and (2) the country-level correlations of the two indicators of preferences for economic growth produced opposite statistically significant correlations in different countries.

More...

URBANIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE (EKC) AND STIRPAT ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY

Author(s): Mortaza Ojaghlou,Erginbay Uğurlu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: STIRPAT; ImPACT; CO2 emissions; energy; Environmental Kuznets curve;

Urbanization and CO2 emissions have become major environmental concerns that are closely related to climate change and sustainable economic growth. The goal of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, urbanization, and achieving sustainable development in Turkey from 1990 to 2020. The STIRPAT hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis are employed in the article. The findings indicate that there is a long-run relationship between the variables of the STIRPAT model: the coefficient of economic activities and urbanization affects CO2 emission positively. This means that urbanization and the expansion of economic activity have a significant impact on environmental degradation. These results are also confirmed by the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) that is detected for Turkey.

More...

THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE FINANCE IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Author(s): Dalia Streimikiene,Asta Mikalauskienė,Greta Burbaite / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: sustainable development; traditional finance; sustainable finance; sustainable development goals;

In the article, the analysis of scientific literature leads to the definition of sustainable finance and identification of its types. This distinction allows for a more detailed examination of sustainable finance in different contexts, especially when only one type of sustainable finance is considered. The empirical study that has been carried out in the Baltic Sea states confirms that sustainable finance has an impact on the implementation of sustainable development goals. The countries that use more sustainable finance have better results in terms of the SDGs. The created research model reflects the sequence of data collection and the process of determining the relationship between sustainable development and sustainable finance. The correlation between the two is confirmed by the conducted research. The more sustainable is the country's financial model, the better is the implementation of sustainable development goals.

More...

SOCIALLY RELEVANT FACTORS OF ORGANIZATIONAL MORTALITY OF ENTERPRISES: CONTEXT OF CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Tetiana Dotsenko,MAREK DVOŘÁK,Serhiy Lyeonov,Attila Kovács / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: social factors; relevant factors; organizational mortality of enterprises; corporate sustainability; sigmarestricted parameterization; correlational analysis; multiple linear regression; OLS method; D

The business-demographic problem of organizational mortality of enterprises is considered an essential area of social welfare in a society. It affects the lives and activities of many people and their organizations, as well as the corporate sustainability and the overall socioeconomic situation in the country. The study aims to determine relevant factors influencing the organizational mortality of enterprises from the group of social indicators by using data mining methods. The paper identifies the most influential among such social factors, using the Sigma-restricted parameterization method and correlation analysis. The significance of these social factors is explored through the univariate tests, the Pareto chart of t-values, and a correlation matrix of their interdependence. The factors’ force and areas of the influence have been quantified. A model of a linear relationship in multiple regression between organizational mortality of enterprises and relevant social factors is constructed using the ordinary least squares method (OLS method). Meanwhile, a graph of the normal distribution of residuals is built for an analogous linear regression model. The research results highlight the problematic social aspects and factors of enterprises’ activity for corporate sustainability, suggesting a practical use for the calculated dependencies between relevant indicators. The application of the methodology will make it possible to influence the pattern of entrepreneurial activity in developing countries to reduce the national economic downturn.

More...

“A Part of Me.” The Value of Dogs to Homeless Owners and the Implications for Dog Welfare

Author(s): Chelsie Bailey,Jo Hockenhull,Nicola Rooney / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. issue/2023

Keywords: homelessness; mental health; dog-owner relationships; welfare

The UK homeless population is increasing. Companion animal ownership amongst homeless people is not uncommon, but the positive and negative consequences of this association for both humans and animals are unknown. We conducted semi-structured interviews with homeless dog owners covering how their dog impacted them, and how they met the dog’s welfare needs. Twenty-one homeless dog owners were recruited via a dog welfare charity that works with homeless people and their dogs. The interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically. Dogs were reported to provide similar benefits to dogs owned in households, but additionally owner believed they helped facilitate routine, assisted them through mental health issues and provided continuous emotional support. Owners noted difficulties accessing long- and short-term accommodation, and services, such as shops, due to their dog, and generally only entrusted other individuals to look after their dog in urgent cases. All the dogs were reported to receive veterinary care as needed, were treated against parasites, and fed adequately. The main concern expressed by owners was providing somewhere adequately warm and large for their dog to sleep, but we suggest access to a safe place to avoid frightening stimuli may also be important. During the interviews owners used the dog to facilitate discussion about themselves, allowing many to open-up about the difficulties of their past, and potential future. Our findings can be used to help direct how homeless charities can best help dog owners in the future.

More...

CAUSAL AGENCY AND INFLUENCES ON TRANSITIONAL CHOICES: COMPARISON OF CROATIAN AND ROMANIAN YOUTH

Author(s): Katarina Kostelić,Cristina Fleșeriu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Choices; influences; youth; causal agency; Croatia; Romania;

This research aims to provide insight into groups of influences on youth's transitional choices and examine the patterns of those influences. The selfreported influences on transitional choices were collected from Croatian and Romanian students. The analysis examines the interconnectedness of influences, differences arising from age and gender, and the heterogeneity of personal influence. Assuming that the approach to examined decisions is transferable to other social and economic choices, the results of this explorative study show that causal agency in decisionmaking should not be assumed a priori. This calls for further research and potential revision of the standard approach to individual decision-making.

More...

EXPECTATIONS OF FULFILLING THE GRANDPARENT ROLE IN THE CONTEXT OF MAINTAINING PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY. ANALYSIS OF AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY

Author(s): Dorota Kwiatkowska-Ciotucha,Urszula Załuska,Alicja Grześkowiak,Piotr Peternek / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: working grandparents; quantitative research; comparative analysis; statistical analysis of survey results; exploratory factor analysis;

This article aims to assess the expectations of fulfilling the role of grandparents in the context of maintaining professional activity. In the study, data from an international survey conducted using a proprietary questionnaire (the CAWI method) among representatives from 7 European countries was used. The main objective was to find possible differences in the perception of the grandmother’s and grandfather’s roles depending on the characteristics of the respondent. The survey was conducted in May 2022, and the total research sample was 3,008 people. The analysis focused on the respondents’ answers to eight statements on taking care of grandchildren and work-related decisions. The study employed exploratory factor analysis and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test) to check for differences in assessments according to the respondent characteristics. Statistically significant differences were found between the answers of respondents who differ in age, gender, and place of residence. Factor analysis made it possible to identify two factors: the first one may be named ‘long-term support’ and the second factor may be labelled ‘temporary - emergency care’; this provided a basis for synthesising the analysed statements.

More...

INCREASING NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND THE SHORTAGE OF PARKING IN ISRAEL’S URBAN AREAS - ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS

Author(s): Erez Cohen / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: car parking; traffic congestion; political instability; public policy; economic incentives;

This study addresses the growing increase in the number of vehicles in Israel and the resulting shortage of parking in city centers. Israel was chosen as a case study because it is a country with rapid population growth, a concentration of residents in central areas, and inefficient public transportation, which constitute explicit causes of the trends presented in the study. The study seeks to portray the implicit causes underlying the increasing number of vehicles in Israel and of the shortage of parking in city centers. The research method combines quantitative and qualitative techniques. The quantitative part includes analysis of data on vehicle density in various cities in Israel and on the number of parking offenses resulting from the shortage of parking in city centers. The vehicle density index per 1,000 Residents for each city will be calculated by multiplying the total number of Private Cars Registered in the city by the total Number of city’s Residents and multiplying by 1000. At the same time, the Number of Parking Reports data which presented in the study has been obtained from the local authorities themselves, which may cause to biased information according to the interests of those authorities. The qualitative part includes examination of the resultant public policy affecting the increase in vehicles. The data set will include the vehicle and fuel taxation policy. The research conclusions show that the increase in vehicles is affected among other things by economic and political factors that contribute to this growing trend and prevent its restriction, respectively. This study calls to the decision makers to promote and develop public transportation and correct its failures. Israel's public transportation services remain afflicted by many faults that contribute to residents' significant and increasing dependency on private vehicles. A large part of the public transportation means are too crowded, bus and train services do not run frequently enough, and the service is slow. There are insufficient connections between the different means of public transportation, with low access to stations among relatively large parts of the population and there is still a shortage of the necessary personnel and infrastructure for it's develop. In addition, the research conclusions call for a political solution that will make it possible to operate public transportation on Saturdays, while also expanding the use of self-driving cars and allocating outlying parking areas together with rental services for electric scooters and bicycles or shuttle services to city centers.

More...

Overview of Dogs Training Programs in Correctional Institutions

Author(s): Hanna Mamzer / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. issue/2023

Keywords: dogs; resocialization; prison; correctional institutions

Positive opinions about impact that relations with animals have on participating humans were the main reason for introducing animal-based resocialization programs in correctional institutions. As a form of occupational therapy, they aim at increasing and improving social and psychological skills of imprisoned individuals. They aim at creating and increasing empathy, improving communication and its effectiveness, building sense of responsibility and patience. Participants of such programs underline the positive impact on their well-being and subjective sense of wellness. In this text, I present the short history of using relations with animals in improving psychological and social competencies of humans. I also discuss the positive effects that such programs have on the effectiveness of correctional institutions.

More...

Trap, Snip, Repeat: Cat Overpopulation and Gendered Labour in a Feral Sterilisation Programme

Author(s): Kirsten L. Grieve,Stephen L. Muzzatti / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. issue/2023

Keywords: feral cats; veterinary technicians; women’s labour; spay/neuter; trap/neuter/release

Cat overpopulation in Toronto, Canada, is a serious and growing problem. Small, and frequently isolated, groups of volunteers work in a variety of capacities to help mitigate the large numbers of litters produced by stray and feral cats. One such organisation is Toronto Street Cats. This volunteer group works with the help of the Toronto Humane Society to operate a monthly trap/neuter/release (TNR) programme. Groups of caretakers look after registered feral cat colonies and capture cats of breeding age. Once a month these cats are sterilised, vaccinated, treated for parasites, and microchipped in an evening-long marathon. Volunteers in veterinary medicine (registered veterinary technicians [RVTs], veterinary assistants and veterinarians) comprise the medical staff who provide treatment and perform the assembly-line surgeries. Post-surgery, the cats are taken by the volunteers to a recovery facility and are then released back to their registered colonies, once they have fully recuperated. The volunteers within the caretaker groups are almost exclusively women as are the medical personnel who perform surgery and assist pre- and post-operatively. Informed by ethnographic and secondary source data this article provides a glimpse into the work lives of the women who care for the feral cats living amongst us in Toronto.

More...

Mourned Pets. About Coping with Animal Death in Veterinary Practice and Caregiver’s Experience

Author(s): Łucja Lange / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. issue/2023

Keywords: death; euthanasia; palliative care

The article is written from the first-person perspective as an autoethnographical attempt to describe the experience of loss of a pet companion, a cat, when the decision about euthanasia was challenged and undermined, causing regret and complex feelings about the situation. The author tries to provide explanation for her feelings and for veterinarian behavior, at the same time introducing new kind of veterinarian in-home services for palliative care and euthanasia.

More...