The Localization of the Ancient City of Barzand Based on Archaeological Evidence and Written Historical Sources

The Localization of the Ancient City of Barzand Based on Archaeological Evidence and Written Historical Sources

Author(s): Saeid Sattarnejad,Samad Parvin,Ali Mehri Ruyandezgh / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Localization; Barzand city; Ardabil province; Archaeological evidence; historical texts;

Archaeological studies of ancient cities play an important role in recognizing their formation, development, collapse and extinction in different historical periods. The historical city of Barzand was one of the cities of the Islamic period in northwestern Iran, which had an important place in the Islamic period. The name of this city and its location on the slopes of Mount Sabalan has been mentioned in the written texts of the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Therefore, it is necessary to study and do research on it. The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method. An attempt was made to compare the results of field studies and written historical sources with a comparative analysis to answer the following question: Which Archaeological site contains the remainders of the city of Barzand? The results of Archaeological studies and analysis of historical texts match the geographical location of Barzand city in Germi city, in the slopes of Mount Sabalan.

Issues of 3D virtual collection for smaller institutions

Issues of 3D virtual collection for smaller institutions

Author(s): Klára Rybenská,Barbora Borůvková,Ondřej Tomiška / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Digital Humanities; Sketchfab; Virtual Collection; Digital Heritage; Museum;

One of the most significant global trends today is the use of three-dimensional technologies in various segments. 3D models can be created by using special software or by digitizing a real-world object using a 3D scanner. The technologies capable of converting analog objects into digital 3D are also a part of the sphere of memory institutions, where we increasingly come across 3D models of selected historical collections often created under the auspices of specialized workplaces or universities. The process of digitization itself, particularly 3D scanning, can harbour many pitfalls. Creating a virtual museum collection is not an easy task, as there are many ways to present 3D models since each of them can be used in different ways. The objective of the article is to describe the possibilities and the process of creating a 3D virtual collection of smaller historical objects, and its presentation by means of selected online tools or web services designed for the purpose. The article also focuses on the subsequent use of the models in the creation of a virtual web exhibition. Another objective of the article is to outline the basic issues of 3D scanning of selected smaller historical objects.

Pedagogical Interventions for Students with Mild Mental Retardation in Greek Primary Schools

Pedagogical Interventions for Students with Mild Mental Retardation in Greek Primary Schools

Author(s): Thomai-Maria Andreopoulou,Neli Vasileva / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Mild mental retardation] pedagogical interventions; learning; disabilities; special education

In the 21st century, the purpose of both society and education is to eliminate discrimination and prejudice between individuals. Children with mild mental retardation are a category of students with special educational needs, which is often confused with other categories of special educational needs. There are obvious differences between students with mild mental retardation and students with some speech disorder, both in the educational level and in the social relationships of these children with each other (Tzouriadou, Anagnostopoulou, 2011). From 2000 onwards, the educational policy in Greece aims at the integration of students with educational needs and thus many students with mild mental retardation attend general school, following a common curriculum with the rest of their classmates, with or without adaptations (Vlachou- Balafa, 2000: 79-100). Children with mild mental retardation, who attend primary school, often have parallel support or attend integration classes. The integration departments in primary schools aim to help, strengthen and support students with mild mental retardation, in the two main subjects, language and mathematics. In this way, the student will overcome any difficulties and adapt to the common teaching program, as much as they can, according to their capabilities. The material examines the teaching interventions applied by special education teachers to students with mild mental retardation in Greek general primary schools.

DOES RENEWABLE ENERGY SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

DOES RENEWABLE ENERGY SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Author(s): Sheilla Nyasha,Nicholaus M. Odhiambo / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Kenya; renewable energy consumption; energy mix; economic growth;

In this paper, the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in Kenya has been empirically examined during the period from 1990 to 2019, using the autoregressive distributed lag-bounds testing approach. The study was motivated by the call to increase renewable energy use in Kenya. Contrary to expectations, the results of the study show that renewable energy consumption has no significant impact on economic growth in Kenya, regardless of whether the analysis is in the long or short run. The study, thus, concludes that the development of the real sector in Kenya is not dependent on the exploration of renewable energy. This implies that Kenya can still pursue the necessary energy conservations policies without compromising its long-term growth trajectory.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Author(s): Irena Đalić,Živko Erceg / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Social entrepreneurship; social development; economy development; economic growth;

In this paper, we investigated the impact of social entrepreneurship on the development of the transitional economy. The research was carried out on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). As the most featured negative side of the transition, we see an increase of social inequality and poverty. One of the ways to solve these problems is the development of social entrepreneurship. The main goal of the research is to find a model for the development of social entrepreneurship that would contribute to the development of society and the economy of developing countries. Ninety seven subjects of social entrepreneurship, from all over B&H, participated in the research. We collected data using questionnaires, and we used correlation and regression methods to analyze them. The results showed that social entrepreneurship is at a low level and that its development would contribute to the development of society and the economy. In this research, we have created a model of social entrepreneurship development and proved that social entrepreneurship could be an excellent way to solve many social and economic problems.

MARKETING INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS LOYALTY AND FUTURE INTENTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

MARKETING INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS LOYALTY AND FUTURE INTENTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Author(s): Perica Macura,Nedeljka Elez / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: marketing; service; higher education institutions; students; loyalty; future intentions;

Applying the marketing concept in higher education can significantly improve the performance of these institutions. The role of marketing is particularly important in ensuring the loyalty of students and timely influence on their future intentions, especially nowadays when the decrease in the number of students is a big problem in our country, but also in neighboring countries. From the marketing aspect, this paper provides the results of research on the relationship between student loyalty and their future intentions in higher education. The research was conducted on students of two state universities in the Republic of Srpska. Research results show that there is a strong relationship between student loyalty and future intentions of students in higher education. The obtained results are significant for universities that want to keep students at the institution, but also to secure partners even after the completion of their studies.

REWARDING AND SUCCESS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

REWARDING AND SUCCESS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Author(s): Boris Todorović,Marija Todorović / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Intrinsic rewards; extrinsic rewards; user satisfaction; project quality; project implementation process;

The purpose of the research is to determine the causes of failure of information systems development projects. We came to the hypothesis that rewarding can improve the success of information systems development projects. For this reason, it is suggested that employment contracts be tied to business results. Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are a good motivator that affects the improvement of employee performance, i.e. increases productivity, business results and job satisfaction and contributes to increasing the success of information systems development projects. Designers and managers of information systems development projects who participated in the research, gave their views on the impact of rewards on the success of the information systems development project in response to survey questions. The attitudes were evaluated on a five-point Likert scales. We obtained additional data based on conversations with managers and designers who deal with the development of information systems. Through the research design, we determined an independent variable related to the employment contract based on business results, which is the basis for the application of various forms of remuneration, and a dependent variable related to the success of the information systems development project. The main findings of the research are related to the definition of the contract between the owner on the one hand and managers and designers on the other hand, which solves the problems of opportunistic behavior of managers and designers of information systems development project. In addition, the factors of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards that are most often used to motivate managers and designers of information systems development are defined. The practical implications of the research refer to the benefits that the company owner, managers and designers of the information systems development will have. They will receive the best model of employment contract for employees working on the development of an information systems project. In addition, they will receive information about the views of designers and project managers related to reward factors that improve the success of the information systems development project. The originality of the research refers to the creation of a model that links the work contract based on business results with reward factors that help to increase the success of the information systems development project.

THE IMPACT OF CURRENCY DEPRECIATION ON EXPORTS: AN AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG APPROACH FOR TURKISH LIRA

THE IMPACT OF CURRENCY DEPRECIATION ON EXPORTS: AN AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG APPROACH FOR TURKISH LIRA

Author(s): Yılmaz Onur Ari / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Currency depreciation; exchange rate; export; import; ARDL;

Turkey experienced many economic crises during the 90s and 2000s, and international trade activities changed drastically as the Turkish currency “Lira” fluctuated severely. The Turkish lira has depreciated rapidly against foreign currencies in recent years, affecting Turkey’s international trade activities. The research uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing to investigate the effect of the Turkish Lira depreciation on Turkish exports from 1990 to 2020. The findings suggest that the exchange rate is related to exports in both short and long run. In contrast, the inflation rate has a negative and insignificant long run influence on exports, but a negative and significant short run effect. Furthermore, imports have a negative and insignificant impact in the long run, while exports have a positive and significant effect in the short run. In the long run, the deposit interest rate is positive but insignificant at 1 percent and 5 percent significance levels. These results suggest that Turkey should produce its intermediate goods in anticipation of the high exchange rate and export highvalue-added technology-intensive products to eliminate the dependency of Turkey’s exports on imports.

THE IMPACT OF GREEN ECONOMY STANDARDS ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: THE STUDY OF ROMANIA

THE IMPACT OF GREEN ECONOMY STANDARDS ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: THE STUDY OF ROMANIA

Author(s): Hassiba Hadouga / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Green economy; competitiveness; competitive advantage; Romanian companies;

The study aimed to reveal the impact of green economy practices in achieving competitive advantage in companies operating in Romania, according to the size of the companies. The study used the descriptive causal approach. As for the study population, it consisted of all employees in Romanian companies in the departments of quality assurance, quality control, research and development, and production. The questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting data and information that was analyzed with a set of statistical means, via the Internet to collect data, followed by the analysis of correlations between specific variables. By applying the Pearson chi-square test, 355 questionnaires were distributed, and only 100 were retrieved. The results of the study have showed that there is an impact of green economy practices in achieving competitive advantage, as well as an impact of total quality management practices in achieving competitive advantage in the Romanian operating companies under study. There were no statistically significant differences in the averages of the impact of green economy practices on achieving the competitive advantage. There is a relationship between the use of green economy standards and the subsequent perception of their effectiveness.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF TOURISM AND CONSUMERS IN THE TOURISM MARKET - CASE STUDY OF VLASINA LAKE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF TOURISM AND CONSUMERS IN THE TOURISM MARKET - CASE STUDY OF VLASINA LAKE

Author(s): Radomir Stojković,Dragana Nikolić Ristić / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Sustainable development; tourism; renewable energy sources; consumer attitudes; Vlasina Lake;

The concept of sustainable development represents an inexhaustible topic of research, which gains additional importance in the conditions of the current energy crisis. In this sense, the attention of the scientific and professional public is directed towards greater use of renewable energy sources in tourism. The aim of the work is to research the attitudes of consumers towards the use of renewable energy sources and the application of the principles of sustainable tourism on Vlasina Lake. The first part of the paper contains a review of the professional literature, while the second part of the paper presents the results of research on consumer attitudes towards the application of renewable energy sources on Vlasina Lake. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package. The importance of the work is reflected in the potential implications for the development of the strategy for the sustainable development of tourism in Southeast Serbia.

FUNCTIONAL CORRELATION BETWEEN BANK ASSETS AND INSURED DEPOSITS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEPOSIT INSURANCE FUND

FUNCTIONAL CORRELATION BETWEEN BANK ASSETS AND INSURED DEPOSITS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEPOSIT INSURANCE FUND

Author(s): Gorana Krunić / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2023

Keywords: Deposit Insurance Fund; insured deposits;

The projection of insured deposits level in banks is of the key importance for the financial planning of the Deposit Insurance Fund as an integral part of the deposit insurance system. On the one hand, in a situation when banks fail, Deposit Insurance Fund are used for payouts of insured deposits in those banks or for financing processes of resolution such banks, which represents a real outflow of the Fund. On the other hand, the main regular inflows into the Deposit Insurance Fund are realized from insurance premiums which, as a rule, are calculated on the basis of insured deposits in all banks. The research problem posed in this paper is how to predict changes in the level of insured deposits in banks, that is, how this level in banks changes in relation to the total assets of the banking sector. The research covered the period from 2009 to 2021. The level of insured deposits in banks was set as the dependent variable and the level of bank assets was set as the independent variable. The research was conducted on the banks operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research confirmed the significant conditionality of the growth of insured deposits with the growth of the bank assets, and also opened up some new directions for further research in terms of the influence of other elements on the financial planning of the Deposit Insurance Fund and the presence of moral hazard in the banking sector.

THE GREEK CIVIL WAR AS COVERED BY THE COMINFORM JOURNAL “FOR A LASTING PEACE, FOR A PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY!”

THE GREEK CIVIL WAR AS COVERED BY THE COMINFORM JOURNAL “FOR A LASTING PEACE, FOR A PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY!”

Author(s): Bisser Petrov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Greek Civil War; Cold War; Cominform; journal;

This study reveals a poorly studied angle to the Greek Civil War (1946 – 1949). It is about its representation on the pages of the printed organ of the Communist Information Bureau “For a Lasting Peace, for a People’s Democracy!”. In addition to a purely factual examination of the published material on the ongoing civil conflict, the study also addresses issues of a more general nature, such as that of the ambiguous attitude of the Kremlin, in particular Stalin, towards the course of armed struggle taken by the Greek communists. The aims with which the print edition of the newly born international communist organisation was charged are also examined in detail. This broad contextualization, together with the explanations and commentaries provided, gives the narration a greater scope and contributes to a fuller understanding of the turbulent events and processes concomitanting the Greek Civil War.

CULTURAL POLITICS OF NATION-BUILDING IN EASTERN MACEDONIA AND WESTERN THRACE DURING BULGARIAN ADMINISTRATION (1941 – 1944)

CULTURAL POLITICS OF NATION-BUILDING IN EASTERN MACEDONIA AND WESTERN THRACE DURING BULGARIAN ADMINISTRATION (1941 – 1944)

Author(s): Dimitra Patronidou / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Eastern Macedonia – Western Thrace; World War II; Bulgarian school; choirs; museum; theatre; ethnicity;

During the period of 1941 – 1944, Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace were occupied by the Bulgarian army and incorporated administratively in the Bulgarian state. Bulgarian Ministry of National Education in order to national homogenize the inhabitants and to nation – build in this region gradually developed the primary and the secondary education school network, the National “Chitalishta” network, it organized choirs and school orchestras, museums and finally established theatre. This paper presents this cultural policy focusing on how it was implemented by the Bulgarian Ministry of National Education on the different ethnic, national, religious, etc. groups in Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace during World War II. It also aims to shed light on how the cultural politics were politically instrumentalized in order to promote a Bulgarian ethnicity policy in the region and a strong Bulgarian identity in the public sphere.

TERRITORY AND REAL ESTATE IN KARDZHALI AND ITS DISTRICT IN THE 1920S AND 1930S

TERRITORY AND REAL ESTATE IN KARDZHALI AND ITS DISTRICT IN THE 1920S AND 1930S

Author(s): Maria Markova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Bulgarians; Turks; anthropological border; real estate; territory;

This publication traces the markers and the dynamics of the anthropological borders of the territory and the real estate during the 1920s in a specific region of Bulgaria. It encompasses Kardzhali (in Tukish Kırcaali) and its district, which have been annexed to the state in 1912 and were mainly populated by Turks up until the end of World War One. The subjective dimensions of the historical processes are enlightened through the memories and the stories of a part of the participants in the events – the Bulgarian refugees, who settled in the region. During the 1920s Kardzhali and its district radically changed. The Bulgarians and the Turks were the ones that were most often separated. The space, inhabited by the old Turkish population, shrank and Bulgarian-populated neighborhoods appeared, as well as mixed zones. Furthermore, places, which have been previously empty, became populated. In practice, the Bulgarians managed to wedge themselves in between the Turks of Kardzhali and its district and to change their traditional look. In the Bulgarian zones appeared buildings, connected to the Bulgarian national institutions – ecclesiastical and scholastic, as well as ones that marked the beginning of the modernization.

BETWEEN THE PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE BULGARIAN EXARCHATE. THE DIFFICULT CHOICE OF THE MACEDONIAN BULGARIANS AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

BETWEEN THE PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE BULGARIAN EXARCHATE. THE DIFFICULT CHOICE OF THE MACEDONIAN BULGARIANS AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Author(s): Angel Zlatkov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Macedonian Question; Bulgarian Exarchate; Ecumenical Patriarchate; Eastern Question; nationalism;

By the end of the 19th century approximately a quarter of the Orthodox Bulgarians in the historical and geographical area of Macedonia remained loyal to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which served the Greek national idea. Both, in the past and today, this fact has raised the issue of the national affiliation of the Bulgarian-speaking population in the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire. Why did these people remain loyal to the Patriarchate, despite the long-lasting efforts of the Bulgarian Exarchate to attract them to itself? The author highlights the unequal status of the two ecclesiastical institutions in the Ottoman administrative system as a leading factor that hindered the normal functioning of the Bulgarian Church and severely limited its ability to guarantee the political, religious, cultural and educational rights of the Bulgarian Exarchists. On the border between the two centuries, being at the heart of the struggle for the distribution of the Ottoman inheritance in the Balkans, the Bulgarians in Macedonia were faced with difficult choices, which determined not only their personal well-being, but sometimes even their lives.

BETWEEN SAVAGERY AND CIVILISATION: CEVDET PASHA’S INSPECTORSHIP IN İŞKODRA (TODAY SHKODËR)

BETWEEN SAVAGERY AND CIVILISATION: CEVDET PASHA’S INSPECTORSHIP IN İŞKODRA (TODAY SHKODËR)

Author(s): Doğukan Oruç / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Ahmed Cevdet Pasha; İşkodra (today Shkodër); Albania; Ottoman modernisation; civilisation; Tanzimat;

In 1861, the Sublime Porte decided to appoint Cevdet Pasha, a prominent figure of the Ottoman bureaucracy in the second half of the 19th century, to İşkodra as an inspector with exceptional administrational powers. The main reason behind this decision was unrest in the city caused by a deteriorating relationship between the people and Çerkez Abdi Pasha, the mutasarrıf of İşkodra at that time. The Montenegro issue played a substantial role in the deterioration of this relationship. Cevdet served as an inspector in İşkodra for more than a month, on returning to the capital, he wrote a detailed report about the region: Tezkire No. 18. This study examines the history of İşkodra and northern Albania in the 18th and 19th centuries in order to clarify the situation in the region during Cevdet’s inspectorship. It then critically evaluates the activities undertaken by Cevdet during his mission, using historical data obtained from various sources. One of the main points of the study is demonstrating that the change in the self-image of the Ottoman central bureaucrats after the Tanzimat led them to a different understanding of the concept of civilisation. As a result of this there was consequently a dramatic change in their view of the peripheral provinces of the Empire, such as northern Albania. Through the inclusion of his considerations of an Ottoman peripheral region with frequent references to the concepts of civilisation and savagery, Cevdet’s report reflects the semantic dynamism of these concepts for a 19th century Ottoman bureaucrat.

ATHONITE DOCUMENTS PRESERVED IN THE 16TH CENTURY CODEX HIEROSOLYMITANUS GRAECUS NO. 370 OF THE GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATE IN JERUSALEM

ATHONITE DOCUMENTS PRESERVED IN THE 16TH CENTURY CODEX HIEROSOLYMITANUS GRAECUS NO. 370 OF THE GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATE IN JERUSALEM

Author(s): Cyril Pavlikianov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Mount Athos; Monastery of Simonopetra; Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem; Manuscript collection of the Holy Sepulture (Panagios Taphos); Gregory Panithos (Metropolitan of Zichna);

Ten early 16th century Athonite documents are preserved in the library of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem, in Codex Hierosolymitanus no. 370 of the Manuscript Collection of the Holy Sepulture (Panagios Taphos). This manuscript is a miscellany consisting of various texts. It was copied around the mid – 16th century by the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Germanos, who added to it fragments deriving from older paper manuscripts. Today it consists of 481 folia, of which 114, 200 – 215, 328 – 331, 340, 341, 425 – 428, and 472 – 474 are blank. The copies of the 10 Athonite documents are scattered between ff. 154 and 378. Photographs of Codex no. 370 are freely accessible online in the site of the Library of Congress of the USA. The existence of Athonite documents in this manuscript was first announced in 1891 by A. Papaopoulos-Kerameus.

CONFERENCE REVIEW: POST-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STRESS: HISTORICAL AND MEDICAL DILEMMAS

CONFERENCE REVIEW: POST-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STRESS: HISTORICAL AND MEDICAL DILEMMAS

Author(s): Dejana Vasić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

REVIEW OF THE BOOK INSIGHTS INTO PORTUGUESE MEDICAL HISTORY: FROM THE BIRTH OF THE ART OF ASCLEPIUS BY MARIA DO SAMEIRO BARROSO, CHRISTOPHER JOHN DUFFIN AND JOÃO ALCINDO MARTINS E SILVA, EDITORS, CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE 202

REVIEW OF THE BOOK INSIGHTS INTO PORTUGUESE MEDICAL HISTORY: FROM THE BIRTH OF THE ART OF ASCLEPIUS BY MARIA DO SAMEIRO BARROSO, CHRISTOPHER JOHN DUFFIN AND JOÃO ALCINDO MARTINS E SILVA, EDITORS, CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE 202

Author(s): Vladimir Abramović / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

One Route to Respectability: An Historical View of Socio-Cultural and Economic Reproduction Among the Gitanos of Lebrija

One Route to Respectability: An Historical View of Socio-Cultural and Economic Reproduction Among the Gitanos of Lebrija

Author(s): Clara Chinoy,David Lagunas Arias / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Gitanos; History; Respectability; Integration; Andalusia; Lebrija;

Gitanos (Spanish Roma) have undergone major transformations in the last half-century. But in some areas, they were already successfully included in the majority society.Some have practiced “resistance to respectability” (Kaprow, 1982) but we examine a family history of Andalusian Gitanos, neither marginal nor exotic, who did not.Representing the importance of local context and choice in a determined socioeconomic conjuncture, their cultural creativity provides a positive perspective from which to look at Gitano history. Without denying negative and traumatic treatment “from above”, we attempt to move beyond exclusionary perspectives which objectify and essentialize Roma based on marginalization, discrimination and poverty. We celebrate the historical ability of Gitanos in Southern Spain to become a respected integral part of the local community, and thus seek a different perspective from which to look at the history of this community.