Saugumo sampratos kaita. Transnacionalinių saugumo grėsmių bruožai ir raiška
Change in Security Concept. Globalization’s Role and Exclusion of Translational Security Threats

Summary/Abstract: Straipsnyje analizuojamos teorinės saugumo studijų išplėtimo ir gilinimo bei naujųjų – transnacionalinių – saugumo grėsmių išskyrimo prielaidos. Išskiriamos teorinės prieigos, metusios iššūkį realizmui ir suformavusios teorinius pagrindus saugumo sampratos išplėtimui. Apibrėžiami būdingiausi penkių transnacionalinių saugumo grėsmių grupių bruožai, kurie išryškina transnacionalinių ir tradicinių saugumo grėsmių skirtumus. Pabrėžiama transnacionalinių grėsmių raiška veikiant globalizacijos procesams. Straipsnyje akcentuojamas globalizacijos procesų poveikis šių grėsmių stiprėjimui, laipsniškam įsitvirtinimui valstybių saugumo darbotvarkėse bei jų prevencijai. This article presents an analysis of the main challenges that the paradigm of realism experiences in its security approach and introduces a theoretical basis for deepening and widening the security studies. The article also touches upon a significant impact that globalization has on changing security concept, especially in distinguishing transnational security threats. The changes in security studies have occurred in 20th century 70’s and 80’s, when realism theory comes to lose the dominant position. The state centric approach, exclusively based on external military threats was challenged by various post-structural, post-postmodern, and pluralist approaches that suggested to widen and to deepen security concept. Realism was not capable anymore to explain a range of security processes, and later, to predict the end of the Cold War. The other approaches that discussed new security threats, paid more attention to other analysis levels than national. Gradually nonmilitary security threats were included into security agendas of different states. Very soon security studies faced the problem that deepening and widening security concept can lead to an empty idea, that contains everything and at the same time nothing, and which can make security concept impossible for analysis. Transnational security threats are defined as nonmilitary threats that cross borders and either threatens the political and social integrity of a nation or the health of that nation’s inhabitants. There can be distinguished five groups of translational threats: translational terrorism, organized crime, environmental threats, illegal migration, and transnational pandemics. Globalization causes those threats to become more intensive, and flexible, and it is getting more difficult to detect them and to choose the appropriate preventive measures. Those threats are not exceptionally internal or external, they have features, of both therefore it is getting more and more complicated to identify origins of transnational threats. Their pace and scope are gradually increasing and their prevention of them is getting more complicated.

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