TIPURI DE COLANE ÎN SECOLELE IX-XI DIN SPAłIUL INTRACARPATIC ROMÂNESC
NECKLACE TYPES FROM THE 9th-11th CENTURIES IN THE ROMANIAN INTRACARPATHIAN TERRITORY

Summary/Abstract: The authors have created a classification of bronze, silver and occasionally iron necklaces dating from the 9th-11th centuries. Two main types have been identified: type I made of simple wire and type II made of folded or twisted wire. These main types have been divided into subtypes and variations according to the locks used or the section of the wire (fig. 1 and 2). Type I can be found from the second half of the 9th century until the 11th century in Transylvania, along the Mures River Valley mainly (fig. 3a). Type II A1 is common only during the 10th century and at the beginning of the 11th century. The fact that these necklaces are present in Pannonia and north of the Black Sea proves that they belong to steppe populations. In Transylvania they can be found west of the Apuseni Mountains and in the Mures River Valley (fig. 3b). J. Giesler concurs that most of the type I necklaces (type II according to our classification) may belong to the Bjelo Brdo I phase. Type I necklaces as well as other types disappeared during the transition from phase Bjelo Brdo I to phase Bjelo Brdo II. However, grave 107 from Bjelo Brdo, Venice Street, may prove the presence of type I necklaces in phase Bjelo Brdo II. There it appears together with coins issued by Kings Andrew I (1046-1060) and Bela I (1060-1063). All in all, these types of necklaces are present in various types of necropolises and the oldest necklaces date from the Steppe Horizon I. A second group of necklaces can be encountered in Bjelo Brdo necropolises.

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