A negatív kampány makroszintű meghatározói Európában
The macro-level determinants of negative campaigning. A comparative study

Summary/Abstract: Covering the largest sample of countries to date, this study examines the effect of three country-specific factors on the tone of electoral campaigns across Europe: the type of democracy, party system fragmentation and the polarization of the electorate. We use an original dataset of statements made by political actors during 18 electoral campaigns in 9 European countries. Our multinomial logit model suggests that, on the one hand, consensual and more polarized democracies increase the likelihood of neutral campaign tone as opposed to negativity. On the other hand, party system fragmentation facilitates positive campaign messages. At the same time, our study does not support a generalizable effect for the usual suspect of the literature. Consequently, the individual level determinants of negative campaign depend on the country context.

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