Polityka zagraniczna Polski pod presją z Zachodu i Wschodu
Poland’s foreign policy under pressure from the West and the East

Summary/Abstract: Poland’s foreign policy in 2021 was under pressure both from the West and the East. The erosion of democratic standards had a negative impact on the relations between Poland and the EU as well as the United States. There was a lack of cooperation with the European Commission in the area of the rule of law. Poland did not implement numerous decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the Constitutional Court challenged the hierarchy of national law and the European law in Poland. The EU applied the conditionality principle, so Poland did not receive funds from the EU post-COVID Recovery Fund. There was no positive development in relations with Germany. Cooperation in the framework of Visegrad Group and the 3 Sees Initiative was limited. In the East Poland continued to support the Belarusian opposition. Since August 2021, the government has faced a migration crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border, which it considers a hybrid war waged by Belarus against the EU. In the end of the year, Russia provoked a security crisis, concentrating massive military forces near the border with Ukraine.

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