Malý pohraniční styk na Podkarpatské Rusi v letech 1919–1945
Border-Control Regime in Carpathian Ruthenia in 1919–1939

Summary/Abstract: Carpathian Ruthenia neighboured, as a part of Czechoslovakia, with three states: Poland, Romania and Hungary. On May, 30, 1925, two treaties pertaining to border control with Poland were signed in Prague: an agreement to facilitate the border traffic which came into force on December, 1, 1925, and an agreement on tourism, which was ratified later and came into force on May, 27, 1926. Based on first agreement, the people who lived in stipulated border zone more than three months could ask for a permanent pass for work or personal reasons, an economic permanent pass in order to cultivate their property on the other side of the borderline, or a one-time pass from humanitarian or other reasons worth of consideration. Permanent passes were issued by district authorities or police headquarters in Czechoslovakia, by state police authorities in Poland. One-time passes enabling maximum 24 hours long stay in the foreign state were issued directly by local mayors and confirmed by gendarmerie stations in Czechoslovakia, state police authorities in Poland. The agreement on tourism enabled to cross the border in clearly stipulated touristic regions with officially approved tourist legitimation. The border could also be crossed on touristic paths, i. e. beyond official border crossings. The border traffic with Romania was first regulated based on C and D attachments to Czechoslovak-Romanian treaty of commerce from April, 23, 1921, which came into force on November, 11, 1921. The borderline could be crossed with occupational legitimations or passes that were issued by civil administrative authorities in Czechoslovakia, by prefectures in Romania. A new Czechoslovak-Romanian agreement on minor border traffic was signed in Bucharest on April, 16, 1924, it specified the extent of border traffic and issuance mode of occupational legitimations and passes – by district authorities in Czechoslovakia, by sub-prefectures in Romania. The border zone was set to 15 km in width along both sides of the border, it could be, however, broadened, providing mutual consent. The principles of minor border traffic with Hungary were implemented by stipulations of the E attachment to the treaty of commerce signed in Prague on May, 31, 1927. The passes were issued as permanent to peasants and their family members, or to the field tenants, furthermore to physicians, veterinary surgeons, midwives for maximum one year. One-time passes were issued from personal reasons. All types of passes were issued by district or police authorities and had to be approved by respective authority on the other side of the border. On November, 17, 1937, a new Czechoslovak-Hungarian treaty was signed in Prague pertaining to border traffic which was based on the treaty from 1927, this one, however, specified that only citizens with no criminal records living in border zone at least six months, physicians, veterinary surgeons and midwives living in border zone at least one month were entitled for a pass.

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