Kierunek zmian procesów globalizacyjnych zachodzących w Polsce w obliczu pandemii COVID-19 oraz agresji Rosji na Ukrainę
Changes in Globalisation Processes in Poland in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Russia’s Aggression against Ukraine

Summary/Abstract: Objective: To examine globalisation processes in Poland in the years 2000–2022 and to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on the further development of those processes.Research Design & Methods: The article analyses elements included in the KOF Globalisation Index describing economic, social and political globalisation in the years 2000–2022. Findings: In the years 2000–2020, Poland was highly internationalised politically, semi- -internationalised socially and the least internationalised economically. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine clipped international trade, while the value of portfolio investments and FDI in Poland increased. At the same time, the number of tourists visiting Poland declined significantly, civil liberties were restricted during the pandemic,and Poland’s media freedom ranking fell, as did the balance of immigrants seeking permanent residence in the country. In the face of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia, strengthening international cooperation. Implications/Recommendations: The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine sped up some economic and social processes but slowed others. Changes in globalisation processes in Poland in the coming years will depend on the duration of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict. There is a need for further research on these issues.Contribution: This study will help understand the new challenges Poland is facing from these crises.

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