Rosja: na wojnie
Russia: At war

Summary/Abstract: 2022 was a decisive year for Russia. Its armed forces launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and the Russian state entered a de facto martial law regime. Putin’s regime moved from authoritarianism to dictatorship with totalitarian features, and the war provided the tools to neutralize political opponents. The passivity of the Russian society, which adapted to the new situation, was revealed, and the Kremlin forced the obedience of the political elite. Despite the unprecedented Western sanctions, the crisis in the Russian economy turned out to be shallower than expected, which was due to the high income from the export of raw materials. While the Kremlin has failed in its foreign policy, leading to the consolidation of the Western community in its resistance to Russian aggression and the dismantling of the West’s deep economic interdependence with Russia, there is no indication that Moscow has abandoned its ambitions. Some non-Western countries tried to take advantage of Moscow’s weakness by intensifying cooperation, which increased the chances of survival of Putin’s regime.

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