Rosja: odzyskiwanie pewności siebie
Russia: Regaining confidence

Summary/Abstract: 2023 was Russia’s second year in a state of war. Both Russian internal policy, economic situation and foreign policy largely depended on the course of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. In the domestic political sphere, there were two periods: while bad moods, tensions and instability dominated until August, in the autumn, after Prigozhin’s liquidation, the system regained stability and the Kremlin’s self-confidence was growing, which also had an impact on the political elites. Society, despite some signs of war fatigue, focused on survival. Russia’s economy managed not only to withstand the pressure of sanctions and, successfully in part, redirect trade to non-Western countries, but also to partially rebuild its economic potential. On the one hand, the war became an engine driving economic indicators, and on the other hand, it became a huge financial burden on the budget and a factor deepening economic problems. In foreign policy, Moscow remained partially politically isolated (vis-à- -vis the broadly understood Western community), but Russia managed to maintain and even increase its activity in other regions. This was particularly visible in Africa (where Moscow also faced challenges) and the Middle East. The Russian Federation’s dependence on China grew and problems in relations with India increased. The main task of Russian diplomacy was to build a coalition – based on anti-colonial slogans – for the revision of the global international order aimed at the West, led by the USA, and with which Moscow considers itself to be in a de facto state of war.

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