Stary Toruń – najstarszy i najdłużej funkcjonujący obiekt krzyżacki na ziemi chełmińskiej. Ranga – lokalizacja – forma architektoniczna
Old Toruń (Stary Toruń) – the Oldest and Longest-Standing Teutonic Stronghold in Chełmno Land: An Analysis of Rank, Location, and Architectural Form

Summary/Abstract: The Teutonic stronghold in Old Toruń (Pol. Stary Toruń), established in 1231, has been regularly referenced within the scholarly literature. Despite its prominence as one of the oldest and most enduring sites in Chełmno Land (Ger. Kulmerland), the scarcity of sources delineating its rank, location, and architectural form has hindered extensive research endeavours and likely contributed to the historical oversight of this signifi- cant stronghold. Nonetheless, existing archaeological findings, historiographical anal- yses, and written records offer some insights into the site’s characteristics. Between at least 1368 and 1418, Old Toruń served as the residence of the Teutonic Pfleger, and from 1436 to 1439, it functioned as the seat of the manor administrator. Both the initial stronghold and the subsequent brick castle were strategically positioned near the Vistula River. Two structures identified during non-invasive examinations con- ducted in 2017– 2018 are proposed as potential locations for these edifices. The origi- nal fortification, constructed in 1231, likely featured wooden and earthen defences, an observation post, and a light timber-framed building. In contrast, the later castle pre- dominantly comprised a brick Gemach, which possibly took the form of a tower house

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