За популізм, але проти України: як працює російська пропаганда в Центральній Європі . 45
For Populism, but Against Ukraine: How Russian Propaganda Works in Central Europe

Summary/Abstract: Modern Russia strives to gain and maintain influence in NATO countries through propaganda aimed at deepening societal divisions. This hybrid aggression against Ukraine and the West includes conventional warfare in Ukraine and active measures in Europe. Central European countries, particularly the Visegrád Group (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary), are strategically important to Ukraine due to their geopolitical and economic ties. Despite reforms and integration into the EU and NATO, Russia retains significant economic and political influence in these nations. Russian propaganda portrays Ukraine negatively, emphasizing themes of corruption, instability, and historical conflicts. The full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 intensified these efforts, with varying themes across different countries. In Poland, Russia exploits societal divides on issues like abortion and migration, while in Hungary, it leverages historical narratives and political scandals. The effectiveness of Russian propaganda underscores the need for robust countermeasures and public education on media literacy.

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