After the Zeitenwende: The German Military’s Path Forward
After the Zeitenwende: The German Military’s Path Forward

Summary/Abstract: Until February 24th, 2022, Germany‘s foreign policy approach towards Russia centered on a constant principle of change through trade. Over the past two decades, signs of the bellicose foreign policy of Putin’s Russia were largely overlooked. That includes Chechnya, Georgia, Syria, and hybrid attacks involving disruptions to public services. Lithuania faced similar experiences before the annexation of Crimea. Germany’s perception of Russia remained essentially unchanged until the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Since then, the German Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, have faced unprecedented challenges in fulfilling its responsibilities for national defense and those of their allies.

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