Два царства у српској историји ХII века
Two Empires in 12th century Serbian Нistory

Summary/Abstract: 12th-century Byzantine sources (John Kinnamos, Niketas Choniates, rhetoricians), on several occasions make mention - in the form of accusations - of the connections maintained bу Serbian rulers (grand zupans) with Alemanni (Germans), their king, and especial1y with Hungary. Since the Serbian state was under the supremacy of Byzantium, such connections were considered in Constantinople as intolerable, and were used as а pretext for war. Byzantine emperors mounted large-scale military campaigns against Serbia whenever it was doubted that SerЫаn rulers (Uros II, Desa, Stephen Nemanja) strove to achieve independence with the aid ofwestern al1ies. This was explicitly stated bу Niketas Choniates in his historical writings (Chon. 159).

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