Spirituality
Spirituality

Summary/Abstract: For millennia, Western philosophers have defined ‘meaning’ in abstraction from the biological world. The world could be meaningful, the philosophers wrote, only if a purely spiritual agent, a res cogitans, were present. The flip side of this idea was equally problematic. Those who denied such dualisms felt compelled to become deniers of natural meaning altogether. Not to affirm a separate ‘spirit’ or ‘soul’, they argued, requires us to be nihilist, reductionist, physicalist, atheist, and so forth.

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