IS THERE AN IDENTITY OF EUROPEAN MUSLIMS?
IS THERE AN IDENTITY OF EUROPEAN MUSLIMS?

Summary/Abstract: There is a miracle and a puzzle in Muslim history which cannot be rationally explained. The miracle is the speed and scope of the early seventh-century spread of Islam, from its poor Arab-Bedouin origins, into one of the three great civilizations of the time, along with the Persian and the Byzantine. The puzzle is the rapid decline of the Islamic civilization by the eighteenth century, after it had proved its unprecedented vitality and capability. By that time, Muslims had lost geographical, cultural, economic and political impact on world affairs to the point of being marginalized in so-called modern history. This state of affairs made Muslims for the last two centuries struggle to return to the mainstream of modern or global history. Consequently, Muslims have been occupied with two central movements aimed at regaining their place in history: secularization and reislamization.[...]

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